What Is It About Theories in the Human Sciences and Natural Sciences That Makes Them Convincing

When I was very young, my science teacher taught me Charles Darwin’s evolution theory, and I never doubted that theory since Darwin is a well-known scientist and the authority in the field of biology. Until one day, I became a Christian; I need to accept another theory which is that human beings are created by God. My knowledge had a crash. I have never seen neither earlier species develop to human beings nor God creates human beings by using mud. That is when I started to question the knowledge that I have acquired from all the areas of knowledge. Why I am convinced by the theories?What do I or should I really believe? When I was first introduced to Newton’s third law of motions which is the mutual force of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear; I doubted it for a very long time. Since every time when I play roller skate and hit to a wall, I am the one who falls and got hurt, then how can I believe the wall got the same mutual force f rom me as well? However, one day, my teacher brought two same sized basketballs to the class. He put both of them on the floor and called two students to push the balls.When the basketballs collided with each other; both of them started to move backward. That is how my teacher proved Newton’s third law of motion and that’s when I started to believe. My sight as one of the sense perception witnessed someone prove the law and based on the past experiences, my sense perception rarely lies to me ergo I accepted something that I did not believe in natural science because of my faith in the sense perception. Also, as an IB natural science student, I knew that there is a very strict systematic methodology (observation, hypothesis, experiment, law, and theory) in natural science.If some scientist wants to find a theory form his or her observation then he or she needs to follow the methodology precisely so that other scientist could use the same method to recreate the experimen t and to prove the theory. In other words, natural science is universal; the theory will not change because of culture, gender or age etc. just like playing piano, as long as one gets the piano sheets, the melody that he or she plays will be the same with others who are at the different age or have different cultural background.However, one’s emotion could effects the accuracy of the natural sciences sometimes. The natural scientists therefore are required to do the experiment over and over again also they try to control all the possible variables in order to avoid the result affected by the emotion. For me, I can prove theories in natural sciences by using the same method as the scientist did. No matter how many times I do the experiment. The result does not change. The strict and universally accept methodology makes me have a very strong faith in theories in natural sciences.Even though we can use different methods to justify most of the natural science theories, some of th e theories are so abstract that even some of the scientists cannot understand them. When facing those theories that I am not smart enough to question or to challenge, I am not a natural science student anymore, I became like an uneducated child, but I am still convinced by those abstruse theories. This is not blind faith, I used reasoning as a way of knowing to decide whether the knowledge is convincing.When I read â€Å"the Brief History of Time† by Steven Hawking I did not understand any theories mentioned in the book, but I still believe it. This is because that since a lot of Hawking’s theories had been commonly accepted, I believe that he is an authority in the field of physics and many other scientists are convinced by Hawking too. As he has been right for a long time ergo I assumed there is enough reason to believe he is right for this time as well. Since there are not many potions and are not many theories that I known of are competing with Hawking’s.I a m sometimes convinced by one natural science theory simply because that the scientist who came up with the theory is the authority and there are not any other theories to believe. If natural sciences are the studies of non-living objects then in my opinion human sciences studies the most vigorous objects, the minds of human beings. As I mentioned earlier, natural science is like playing piano, as long as people follow the symbol written on the piano sheets, they will get the same melody. In contrary, human beings

The Right to Clean Water Is Non-Negotiable

The Right to Clean Water is Non-Negotiable Paula Weyand American Sentinel University â€Å"The International Council of Nurses (ICN) believes that the right to clean water is non-negotiable† (ICN, 2008). The ICN calls for all nurses and professional organizations to work with local government to lobby for safe water. Nurses should also work with national and international entities to ensure safe water supply and to protect the global water supply from intentional sabotage. Nurses can begin by lobbying for regulations that provide access to safe water for all people.The ICN’s position statement for universal access to clean water supports the Millennium Development Goal Seven (MDG7), the number of people without access to safe water and basic sanitation will be cut in half by the year 2015 (WHO, 2013). Clean water is necessary for optimum health. Statistics The ICN Position Statement, universal access to clean water, is important for nurses because â€Å"dirty water and poor sanitation kill more children than AIDS, Malaria, and Measles combined† (â€Å"World water day 2013,† n. . ). More than one billion people do not have access to clean water and more than two billion people do not have access to â€Å"improved sanitary facilities† (WHO, 2013). World Health Organization, WHO, also reports that more than two million people die every year, due to mostly preventable diarrhea conditions. Many of the two million that die every year due to lack of clean water, and lack of sanitary conditions, are children under the age of five (WHO, 2013).Drop in the bucket is a non-profit organization that builds wells and sanitation systems at schools in Africa; they report â€Å"more people have access to a cell phone than a toilet† (â€Å"Solutions,† n. d. ). World Water Day Many groups are working to meet the MDG 7: WHO, UNICEF, CARE USA, Drop in the bucket, and many more. World Water Day 2013 is March 22; this day is set aside t o raise awareness that many of our global population do not have the basic sanitary needs that most of us in the United States take for granted.Helene Gayle, President and CEO of CARE USA, suggests that â€Å"we must work together to raise awareness† and that â€Å"on World Water Day, March 22, join us by standing in solidarity with people in poor communities† (CARE USA, n. d. ). Meeting MDG7 will also help meet Millennium Development Goal Two, MDG2, achieving universal primary education, Goal Three, MDG3, promoting gender equality and empowering women and Goal Four, MDG4, reducing child mortality. Dirty Water Complications Cleaning up the water is not as simple as it may initially sound. To have clean water there must also be basic sanitation.In many areas of the world, people get their drinking water from the same place that they wash in. WHO reports that over one billion people defecate in the open, causing environmental contamination (2013). The open defecating cau ses increased incidence of cholera, shigellosis, hepatitis, salmonellosis, and possible infestation of worms. Clean water and soap are also necessary for hand washing. Miller, and Gibson indicates that not having enough clean water can also contribute to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, problems with incontinence, constipation and urinary tract infections (2012).Education is needed to teach the importance of good hygiene. In areas without clean water access, the burden to get clean water is on women and girls. The women must walk to the nearest clean water, sometimes spending hours walking every day to obtain the clean water. Women would have more time to earn an income if they were not spending time fetching water for their family. â€Å"Over 40 billion work hours are lost in Africa [due] to the need to fetch drinking water† (â€Å"Billions struggle without clean water or basic sanitation,† 2005).CARE USA encourages women to lead their families and communities i n teaching and educating the importance of essentials, like hand washing (n. d. ). Many of the schools do not offer clean water, if the children want water to drink, or to clean with, they must carry it to school in containers. Some children will avoid using the open latrines at school because of flies, foul odor, and lack of privacy. If the girls are going to school, they will usually quit school at the age of puberty because of the embarrassment associated with the menstrual cycle, and the lack of soap and water (CARE USA, n. . ). Having basic sanitary abilities and clean water can keep the girls in school, fulfilling MDG3. Due to lack of basic sanitation, girls will often hold their bowel movements until it is dark, which increases the risk of being attacked by wild animals, bitten by bugs or snakes, or being raped (â€Å"Four ways toilets change girls' lives,† n. d. ). Care USA promotes a program called SWASH, (school wash), and works to provide clean latrines, soap and w ater, and touts that the program â€Å"prevents disease† and the girls will stay in school (CARE USA, n. d. ). Ending Open DefecationContamination of water by fecal coliform is usually due to poor management of resources (Massoud, Al-Abady, Jurdi & Nuwayhid, 2010). â€Å"Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) is supported by UNICEF and is in 50 countries around the world† (UNICEF, n. d. ). The individuals from the communities work together to end open defecation, by setting their own goals, and working together to design a program to suit the needs of the community. Even areas of extreme poverty such as Sudan have been able to have success in five communities demonstrating that poverty is a barrier that can be overcome. No operation in the world can provide toilets for 1. 1 billion people. They have to do it for themselves – with support. And we’ve found, in fact, that it is only when they do it for themselves that the changes are achievable and sustainable† (UNICEF, n. d. ). When a goal is set by the people who are trying to achieve it, they are more likely to be inspired to succeed. Water Treatment Options A centralized solution to the rural communities of the globe is not a practical solution. Solutions need to be available where the people are, at the point of use.One way to clean the water is by boiling. Boiling water costs roughly ten dollars per person, per year. Wood for the fire is not available everywhere and the smoke from the fire can cause respiratory problems. Another way to clean water is with a sand filter, but most sources suggest this is not practical due to the size and cost. The size is too large for the average family and the space is not available to store the unit. Using bleach is another option to treat water. Bleach is relatively cheap water treatment. A con to using bleach is that there can be a bleach odor or taste.Solar disinfection is another method being used to treat water. It is not as effective if the water has a high level of turbidity. Procter and Gamble PUR water purification system is a disinfection system that is easy to use and works well at removing pathogens. PUR can leave a ‘bleachy† taste and odor. Using the PUR water treatment system cost approximately six dollars per person, per year (â€Å"Water, sanitation, and health in developing countries,† n. d. ). Successful Ideas Drop in the bucket has several inspirational ideas on how to assist communities in obtaining clean water and basic sanitation.Using â€Å"sewage eater flush toilets† in areas that have open pit latrines is an improvement in sanitation. The toilet does not use electricity, and it treats the sewage using microbial activity. This is a low maintenance option due to the microbial activity being self-sustaining. The sewage eater flush toilets do not smell, or attract flies, and never fill up. Drop in the bucket recommends hand washing after using the restroom to de crease the spread of pathogens and disease. Since it is not recommended that a water source be near the sanitary facilities, Drop in the bucket supports use of a â€Å"round about†.The â€Å"round about† is essentially a merry-go-round, and uses the energy of children at play to pump water to a water tower near the sanitary facilities. The water tower provides water for the hand washing stations that are located at the base of the tower. Drop in the bucket supports â€Å"essential flow funding†. â€Å"VSLA program is a highly structured system of saving, borrowing and lending money generated from local contributions that provides a financial incentive for those in the community to maintain the wells† (â€Å"Solutions,† n. d. ).The program is set up to maintain water supplies for communities and is operated by members of the community. The well and pump are installed, and local members of the community are trained to maintain and repair the well. Th e persons trained also get paid to maintain the well. The community members pay a small fee for use, which is then used for maintenance of the well. The money can be loaned to members of the community and used to encourage business ventures within the community (â€Å"Solutions,† n. d. ). The system provides a sense of pride through independence, and cohesiveness within the community.United States Water The United States has well established water and sewage systems in place, but has other problems. Many towns and cities have chemicals in their water supply that can cause cancer, lead poisoning, kidney failure, Parkinson’s disease, and many other illnesses. In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was created. At that time 91 contaminants were listed as unsafe to be in the drinking water. There are now more than 60,000 chemicals in the U. S. Since 1974 we have learned that many of the contaminants that were thought safe in large amounts are not safe in small amounts.The EP A has determined healthy levels of most of the chemicals, but the legal levels have not been updated. Communities are required to treat the water supply to keep the levels of contaminants below the legal level, when many times the healthy level is significantly below the legal level. In 2009 the New York Times published a series called Toxic Waters. This series listed several cities that have serious problems with their water supply. Arsenic levels in three cities were at levels that are associated with Cancer, the cities are Scottsdale, Arizona, Reno, Nevada and El Paso Texas, and these cities were still below the legal limits.Also, Uranium levels were high enough to cause kidney damage in Edmond, OK, Millville, NJ, and Pleasantville, NJ; again the levels were below the legal limits. In Los Angeles, a water reservoir was known to have chemicals in it that when exposed to the sun became carcinogenic; the reservoir was covered in black plastic balls to prevent the sun from entering t he water. The reservoir is now an eye sore and the community does not understand why it needed to be done if the water tested below the legal limits (Duhigg & Palmer, 2009).What’s In Your Water? Go to http://www. ewg. org/tap-water/ to find out what is in your water. In my area, the water supply has contained high levels of lead, radium 226, radium 228, alpha particle activity, and tetrachloroethylene. I was shocked. Jet fuel can be in the water supply in the United States and it will still comply with federal regulations, per the Safe Drinking Water Act. The contaminants that are regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act have not been updated since 2000.There has been inaction on updating the list of regulated contaminates because communities fear higher prices for their water, industry and businesses fear the cost will be too high to remove the contaminants and have lobbied against more regulations. The lobbyists have been successful. Conclusion The community needs to be awa re of contaminates in their water supply and take steps to make changes. Talk to your congressman and representative, encourage them to update the Safe Drinking Water Act, using the knowledge that is currently available from the EPA, and make regular updates to the act.On a local level registered voters should approve tax increases for improved sanitation in the water department, to make the water safe to drink; the choice is to pay now or pay later with your health, an easy choice. If clean water were available to all people, there would be less sickness globally, and nurses could concentrate on other medical needs. In the long term, the fiscal savings will be significant. Nurses can support the ICN position that â€Å"the right to clean water is non-negotiable† (ICN, 2008) by supporting and joining professional organizations that lobby for clean water.There are also many opportunities for volunteering and fund raising that support the cause. The Millennium Development Goal Seven target, to cut in half those that are without clean water by 2015, should be met, but that sanitation part of the goal will not be met (â€Å"Billions struggle without clean water or basic sanitation,† 2005). The WHO/UNICEF Thematic Report on Drinking Water indicates that meeting the 2015 goal for safe water will still leave 672 million people without safe drinking water (2011). Without meeting this goal, girls will not get needed education, and children will continue to die from preventable diseases, as will adults.Florence Nightingale indicated that nurses should use the best methods that are available, that we should learn and practice those methods and that â€Å"health is not only to be well, but to use well every power we have† (Nightingale, 1851). References Billions struggle without clean water or basic sanitation. (2005). Journal of Advanced Nursing,  49(2), 223. Duhigg, C. , & Palmer, G. (2009, December 16). That Tap Water Is Legal but May Be Unhealth y. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/12/17/us/17water. html? pagewanted=6 Four ways toilets change girls' lives. n. d. ). Water. org. Retrieved from http://power. water. org/post/four-ways-toilets-change-girls-lives/ Massoud, M. , Al-Abady, A. , Jurdi, M. , & Nuwayhid, I. (2010). The challenges of sustainable access to safe drinking water in rural areas of developing countries: case of Zawtar El-Charkieh, Southern Lebanon. Journal Of Environmental Health, 72(10), 24-30. Miller, J. , & Gibson, S. (2012). Positive impact of water on children’s health and wellbeing. British Journal Of School Nursing, 7(1), 8-9. Nightingale, F. (1851). The institution of Kaiserswerth in the Rhine.London: London Ragged Colonial Training School. Solutions. (n. d. ). Drop in the Bucket. Retrieved from https://www. dropinthebucket. org/solutions/#toilets The facts about water. (n. d. ). CARE USA. Retrieved from http://www. care. org/careswork/whatwedo/health/water. asp UNICEF. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. unicef. org/ UNICEF and World Health Organization. (2011). JMP Thematic Report on Drinking Water 2011. Drinking water equity, safety and sustainability. Retrieved from www. wssinfo. org. Water, sanitation, and health in developing countries. n. d. ). Yale University. Retrieved from http://www. yale. edu/env/elimelech/Research_Page/sanitation/Sanitation_Presentation_2. pdf World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). MDG7: ensure environmental sustainability. Retrieved from www. who. int/topics/millennium_development_goals/mdg7/en/index. html World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Water supply, sanitation and hygiene development. Retrieved from www. who. int/water_sanitation_health/en World water day 2013. (n. d. ). Drop in the Bucket. Retrieved from http://www. dropinthebucket. org/learn/

American Culture and Politics

This research looks at American Culture and Politics since there is so much in American history and culture. The proposal paper contains some of the findings about the American politics and culture. This paper can help scholars who want to have a wide knowledge about American politics and culture and how they influence each other. The primary research sources that will be used include: Questionnaire and Interview. Secondary sources include: published textbooks, and published statistics. INTRODUCTIONTo begin with, American conservatives claim that the Left, from its parapets of power in Hollywood, the universities, the national media, the federal courts, and the National Endowment for the Arts, has waged, for decades, a â€Å"culture war† upon the American people — a war that the people have been losing. The conservatives' complaint is commonly put this way: the Left has set out to â€Å"politicize† American culture, to force it to conform to a new orthodoxy of po litical correctness in everything from homosexual marriage to pronoun usage (Kesler, 1998).The conservatives' point is that culture should be above, or at least separated from, the political order; that civil society — the realm of art, religion, family, and private property — should be protected, for the sake of liberty as well as culture, against political encroachments. Instead of politics trying tyrannically or arbitrarily to create culture, politics should devote itself to conserving culture (Combs, 1991). According to Goodnow politics had to do with the policies or expressions of the state will (Parashar, 1997).Thus in the conservative view, politics should grow out of culture and serve culture, not the other way around. Scholars and activist on the left should take warning: What once political movements have become translated into personal quests for fulfillment (Cloud, 1998). But at this point one sees that there are actually two conservative views of culture. They differ on the question of what it means to â€Å"conserve† culture: Does it mean to keep government's hands off it, to be neutral towards culture and allow it to develop however artists and citizens choose?Or does it mean a hands-on approach, an active promotion of â€Å"traditional American values† against their would-be subverters in and out of government? Hands-off is the preference both of libertarians, who tend to take a democratic and laissez faire attitude towards culture, and of those neo-conservatives who defend high culture against the public's attempts to influence it (Josephson, 2007). The hands-on approach is preferred by the so-called Religious Right, by most who refer to themselves as â€Å"cultural conservatives† or traditionalists, and by many neo-conservatives who are repelled by the prospect of American society's utter de-moralization.Even conservatives who are prepared to use government to shore up American culture, however, typically re ject the notion that they are â€Å"politicizing† the culture (Whitfield, 1996). They argue that they are only using politics to get beyond politics — that is, to overcome the culture's artificial or forced politicization. White Southerners, used to a friendly custodial environment, were confronting a more diverse and secular American culture (Marsden, 2006).Seizing upon this contradiction or ambiguity, the Left today charges that conservatives are prepared, when they are prepared, to take a laissez faire attitude towards culture only because theirs — the white male bourgeois culture — is the dominant one. When its hegemony is challenged, liberal critics note, as it is being challenged currently, then conservatives cease to be defenders of a hands-off cultural policy and quickly become advocates of cultural protectionism (Wald, & Calhoun-brown, 2006).Yet in challenging the supposed hegemony of patriarchal or conservative culture, most liberal intellectual s do not imagine themselves to be calling for the hegemony of their own culture. Today's liberals stand for â€Å"multiculturalism,† for the replacement of ruling-class culture by the multiplicity of cultures belonging to oppressed, or formerly oppressed, classes and groups. In the past, white males had used their culture to justify and reinforce their rule over the rest of society; it was white males who â€Å"politicized† culture, according to the multiculturalists (Sturm, 2002).Now, the rest of society — indeed, the world — can bring previously excluded cultures to bear in order to delegitimize the old â€Å"racist, sexist, homophobic† order and ordain a new, more inclusive one (Roper, 2002). From the standpoint of traditionalist conservatism, every society or people are defined by its culture, and therefore every culture is more or less an exclusive one (Neve, 1992). In John O'Sullivan's words, â€Å"A multicultural society is a contradiction in terms and cannot survive indefinitely.It either becomes monocultural or runs into trouble. â€Å"1 At this juncture, we urgently need some clarity on the meaning of â€Å"culture. † Becoming American was initially a political and constitutional choice, but finally it necessitated a series of profound transformations in business, speech, dress, religion, literature, education, heroes, holidays, civic ceremonies — in character (Bergmann & Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America, 1990).The public schools movement was one of the most important, as well as one of the most obvious, of these subsequent efforts to conform the American people to their new republican institutions. It is an old political observation, echoed in Montesquieu and countless other writers, that in the beginning men make the institutions, and after that the institutions make the men. The American founders had this maxim very much in mind as they built the institutions that would guide the n ation's destiny, and today it is worth pondering anew.Perhaps it is time to build some new institutions, if we are to have a real chance to rehabilitate American culture. During a relatively brief period of time the first food industry has helped to transform not only the American diet, but also our landscape, economy, workforce, and popular culture (Schlosser, 2001) as a kind of growth: a culture is a living social organism that has particular ethnic â€Å"roots† and develops from those roots, often flowering into unique, that is, characteristic achievements of high art.To understand a culture means therefore to appreciate it in its particularity, to see it as a unique historical growth — not as a mere exemplum of a common and unchanging human nature, much less as an imperfect embodiment of the best political or social order. Reason has little to do with culture in this sense, therefore, because the modern concept of culture emphasizes the ethnic, the particular, the authentic at the expense of the universal; whereas reason strives, even in practical affairs, to see particulars in the light of universals.An authentic culture is natural in the sense of being an uncoerced growth, not in the sense of containing universal principles that can be grasped and perhaps manipulated by reason (Tomsich, 1971). Accordingly, an authentic culture cannot be designed or planned because it cannot be thought through; it is always in the process of slow change or adaptation.Ever since Edmund Burke, whose defense of the British Constitution became the model for the Right's thinking on the cultural roots of politics in general, conservatives have argued that culture is neither a goal that politicians can seek to achieve nor a product that they can make — let alone export. SUMMARY Oddly enough, the multiculturalists agree with the traditionalists on the primacy of culture over politics, and to some extent even on the definition of culture.What the multicultural ists insist on, however, is that culture does not have to be exclusive, or more precisely, that Americans can participate in many cultures without succumbing to any one of them and without ceasing to be American. But this is to pile absurdity upon absurdity. References Bergmann, E. L. & Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America. (1990). Women, culture, and politics in Latin America. California: University of California Press. Cloud, D. L. (1998). Control and consolation in American culture and politics: rhetoric of therapy.New Delhi: SAGE. Combs, J. E. (1991). Polpop 2: politics and popular culture in America today?. New York: Popular Press. Eric Schlosser. (2001). Fast food nation: the dark side of the all-American meal, Volume 1000. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Josephson, M. (2007). The President Makers – the Culture of Politics and Leadership in an Age of Enlightenment 1896-1919. New York: READ BOOKS. Kesler, C. R. (1998, May 15). Culture, Politics, and the American Founding. Retrieved June 13, 2010, from www. claremont. org: http://www.claremont. org/publications/pubid. 496/pub_detail. asp Lipartito, K. & Sicilia, D. B. (2004). Constructing corporate America: history, politics, culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Marsden, G. M. (2006). Fundamentalism and American culture. New York: Oxford University Press US. Neve, B. (1992). Film and politics in America: a social tradition. New York: Rout ledge. Parashar, P. (1997). Public Administration in the Developed World. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. Roper, J. (2002). The contours of American politics: an introduction.Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Sturm, C. (2002). Blood politics: race, culture, and identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. California: University of California Press. Tomsich, J. (1971). A genteel endeavor: American culture and politics in the gilded age. California: Stanford University Press. Whitfield, S. J. (1996). American space, Jewish time: essays in modern culture and p olitics. New York: M. E. Sharpe. Wald, K. d. & Calhoun-brown, A. (2006). Religion and politics in the United States. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.

The US-China trade relationship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The US-China trade relationship - Research Paper Example The United States imposed selective controls on trade with China immediately after the communist forces commenced to win the civil war in the early 1949. U.S export controls were then progressively tightened until a whole ban was set in place against China by the U.S following the outbreak of the Korean War (Louis and Bull 127). The United States was fundamental in creating the coordinating Committee on Multinational Export Controls (COCOM). It comprised of representatives of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Japan. It was intended to supervise a ban, which was imposed on China and the U.S. This study reveals that, by 1951, no trade existed between the two countries. In 1971, China recaptured its seat in the UN. President Richard Nixon made a historic visit to China In 1972 and these unfolding events compelled COCOM to loosen the export controls and allowed China to get equal treatment like the Soviet Union (Louis and Bull 124). This forced the US to permit its populace to make purchases from the Republic of China and compensate for them in dollars. The move by COCOM made USA’s exports be under the identical export control precincts as sales made to the Soviet Union. The trend of partial loosening of barriers continued until after nearly twenty years trade between the two countries has been seen growing tremendously (Louis and Bull 124). The total trade between the two nations has expanded from zero to nearly $2.4 billion in the late 1970s. This is the year when the two countries formally established diplomatic relations. The US and China formally signed the Trade Relation Agreement. This agreement was intended to accord each of the two nations the most favoured nation treatment based on the reciprocal trend (Lehmann and Lehmann 158). This study establishes that, this was just the begging of the numerous trade agreements that followed in the subsequent years. Some of them included Agreement on Civil Aviation and Sea Transportation and the Agreement on Avoidance of Double Taxation. In addition, three joint committees on commerce, science and technology and economic affairs were formed. These committees were intended to serve as effective instruments of promoting dialogue between the two nations. As from 1981, China was given relatively higher levels of the USA’s technology than the Soviet Union. COCOM adopted a green line policy toward China in 1985 (Lehmann and Lehmann 159). This policy gave preferential licensing treatment, which enabled China to control up to 27 categories of items for exports to China. China became more advantaged than other countries prescribed under the COCOM. This saw China grow in labour intensive industries, which later became China’s driving force for China’s exports. It is worth noting that, by 1988, China’s exports had reached over $40 billion and total trade topped 480 billion. This study establishes that, the USA imposed broad sanctions against China after the Tiananmen Square incident in the summer 1989. The sanctions included a deferral of authorized and military interactions between the two nations, a ban on the US trade financing and investment insurance for China projects and a prohibition on exports to military and police

Literary Elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literary Elements - Essay Example The essay is hereby written to proffer a literary analysis of â€Å"Rain Man† as a movie depicting an exceptional ability to conform and surpass the standards of meeting the holistic requirements for literary excellence in film. For any movie or film to be qualified as good, the following elements must be exceptionally designed: (1) a plot (or the content of the story) that is credible, unified, highly interesting, (2) the quality and choice of casts for the roles are appropriately selected, (3) a particular genre or literary type is clearly depicted, (4) excellent audio visual quality is observed and employed, (5) cinematography (or the structure and form in actual beauty of art) is highly eminent, and (6) moral or message of the story is exuded. Plot The story evolved around Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise) who portrayed a self-centered hustler determined to find out the reason why his late father left a substantial inheritance to someone, initially unknown to him but whom he la ter found out to be his autistic brother, Raymond (Dustin Hoffman). Their escapades ranged from diversely unique and interesting hostage to cross country saga, to using the extraordinary talents of Raymond in Las Vegas as leverage to regain the fortune. The turning point of the movie was antithetical climax transforming the original selfish intent to heartwarming realizations for Charlie as he discovered sincere and genuine emotions for his brother, he previously was incapable of. Casts and Characters Dustin Hoffman, in his rendition of an autistic individual, won an Oscar award as Best Actor for the movie. Of course, the talent and charisma of Tom Cruise was instrumental in enhancing the performance of Hoffman in the film. In its simplicity in character and roles, the movie was highly effective in arousing the interest of the viewers to determine the climax of the story. Likewise, the movie won four Academy Awards in the following categories, to wit: Best Picture, Best Director, Be st Actor and Best Original Screenplay. Genre, Visual Quality, Cinematic Points of View Generally classified as drama, the film was highly exceptional in creating humorous situations through the bonding being reestablished by Charlie with Raymond. The choice of scenes, costumes, sound tracks, and other set designs contributed to the holistic molding of a unified theme depicting Charlie’s happy-go-lucky character and the mysteriously sublime role portrayed by Raymond, as a naive yet talented man, despite his disabilities. The various awards attested to the prodigious quality of the film meriting the Best Picture from the rest of the films created during that period. Moral of the Story The journey of Charlie with an initial attempt to redeem what he thought was rightfully his, provided the impetus for revealing that blood is indeed thicker than water. Viewers could initially empathize with Charlie in his attempt to get his equitable share of the family fortune. As the story unfo lds, the innocent, sheltered and lonely world familiar to Raymond would transform the viewers’ sentiments to him. The plot and theme were innovatively written to stir emotions and uplift the spirits to unprecedented levels. The ultimate goal of the movie is thereby to enkindle the senses of the viewers to realize that love for one’s family and relationships are far greater than what material things can give. Conclusion A film that

The Enlightment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Enlightment - Essay Example The current research looks at ideals of nature and human potential, absolutism and forms of government, as they are related to Enlightenment models, which were a challenge to the Old Regime. Later ideal government structures of the Enlightenment were more about the people than the divine monarch. â€Å"Supposed innate qualities, such as goodness or original sin, had no reality. In a darker vein, Thomas Hobbes portrayed man as moved solely by considerations of his own pleasure and pain.† (Enlightenment, 2008). There were light and dark sides to this decrease in absolutism. The Enlightenment represented a shift in the form of nature from being totally based on the idea of absolutism of divinity to a paradigm shift from the Old Regime. What many Enlightenment thinkers did was to refine the whole concept of nature-as-absolute, and change it in a way that represented less absolutism. A paradigm shift occurs when the accepted notions about a given subject or theory (absolutism in this case) become disfavored, in the favor of a new way of doing things or a new notion of the way in which things are done. This creates tension as supporters of the old paradigm are often polemical against the new paradigm during the process of change or paradigm shift. In terms of humanity’s successful attempts to control nature, and both of these things are seen as being positive by the various Enlightenment philosophies. The Enlightenment seems to also reserve a lot of praise for those things which are not found in nature, but rather which represent culture and art. Th is is a reflection of what the Old Regime may have been experiencing in terms of an agenda to install Enlightenment ideals of science, rationality and reason being paramount in terms of their opposition to nature and emotion which may be more spontaneous. The idea of the fall of absolutes shows in Enlightenment ideals in many ways, particularly in the appreciation of reason over emotion and the attention to

Tourism in California and the Environmental Concerns Essay

Tourism in California and the Environmental Concerns - Essay Example Initially, people were inspired by the California dream and left their assets behind and started their journey in search of California they dreamt off. When they reached there, they had to face despair and disappointment as things were not as they perceived it to be. These people then had to go back without any memories or anything to show; at times people did not even reach back safely. The image of California being extravagant and adored is fairly a very recent picture and if one goes in depth of it then there's a very deep history attached to it. The present state of California is because of the hard work and efforts of the miners who were in search of the California dream. Through their struggle, California has been founded And has been transforming its state resulting in the steady ongoing of the heritage of this dream. California dream is not just about this place but it contains an amalgamation of the people and the dream which they are living. This dream is not just about the positives aspects of California but it also contains many different puzzles that need to be fit together in order to see this dream turn to reality. California is a hub of activities with various opportunities that bring numerous opportunities and hence guarantees a successful way to lead a life for all those who reside in California. It is also known as a place where the sun is endless. California is about hard work, efforts, beauty, beautiful tanned women, bright sunny days, and breezy nights. California is one of the most densely polluted countries of the world. Pollution has literally damaged the entire state in such a way that its impact is very obvious. Tourism is an essential part of the California economy. California is one of those countries that are a major tourist attraction; California has the honour of housing the home of all legendary actors that is Hollywood. From amazing shopping malls to Hollywood and an amazing blend of various restaurants, California offers every thing that a tourist wants during vacations. Tourism in California is very expensive.

Bullying. Types of bullying. Age and gender differences in Bullying Research Paper

Bullying. Types of bullying. Age and gender differences in Bullying - Research Paper Example According to a recent statistics, â€Å"1 in 2 students experience occasional bullying during any school term. Moreover, 1 in 4 students in primary school are bullied more than once or twice at least in any term†(Statistics on Bullying, n. d.). According to Dune et al. (2010), â€Å"Bullying, aggression and other forms of violence in schools can blight student experiences of formal education and their abilities to make the best of the opportunities they have† (Dune et al, 2010, p.1). There are many cases in which school bullying cased not only psychological problems such as depression but also suicide tendency as well. In short, bullying should be prohibited in school compounds at any cost. This paper reviews the available literature to find out what intervention can a Case planner use with 12 grade students in a Long Island, Commack- New York day program classroom to discourage the issue of bullying with students. In order to formulate an intervention plan against bull ying a case planner should have ideas about things like; Types of bullying, Age and gender differences in Bullying, characteristics of victims, Participant’s role in bullying, Reporting of bullying etc Types of bullying Bullying occurs in many forms such as physical, verbal, social, and cyber. ... Physical bullying can be prevented up to certain extent by taking actions against unnecessary gang formation in schools. â€Å"Verbal bullying is name-calling, making offensive remarks, or joking about a person's religion, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or the way they look† (Types of bullying, n. d.). It is an act of teasing. It is normally performed by a group of people upon an individual. Verbal bullying can lead towards physical assaults or physical bullying. Verbal bullying usually develops psychological problems such as depression, anxiety etc. to the victim. It can cause loss of interest in studies and other daily activities. Schools should implement a code of conduct for in order to avoid verbal bullying. â€Å"Social alienation is when a bully excludes someone from a group on purpose. It also includes a bully spreading rumours, and also making fun of someone by pointing out their differences† (Types of bullying, n. d.). It is an act of isolation. In s ocial bullying, the offenders will prevent the victim from interacting with others. Offenders normally spread fabricated stories about the victim so that nobody will try to mingle with the victim. Schools should take stern actions against those who try to isolate somebody from the main streams of school life. â€Å"92 students aged 11-16 from 14 London schools completed a survey on bullying. 22% had experienced cyber bullying at least once. 6.6% had experienced being bullied in this way in the previous two months† (International Network, 2010). Cyber bullying is an act of spreading rumors or false stories against the victim with the help of internet. Electronic devices such as mobile

Model for the Up-gradation of the E-mail System Essay

Model for the Up-gradation of the E-mail System - Essay Example You would agree that a large project management team definitely requires managerial capabilities. The model again fails to address soft skills which again is a necessity for any management function. There are other project management bodies like the PMI, each with their own body of knowledge. Currently there is no shared version of bodies of knowledge among them and there could exist conflicts among these models. "The intent in making these points is not to argue that one BoK is "better" than another - hopefully the different models will slowly converge - but that as it stands the PMI model is unnecessarily, and even dangerously, delimiting the scope of the discipline." (Morris, P.12). These are three major shortcomings attributed to the PMBOK model. As you may be aware, the model was introduced in 1987 and due to its inadequacy, again modified in 1988 under the guidance of Professor Alan Stretton. Even this model has not been found to be satisfactory be the Project Management Instit ute. Newer and more efficient models have been developed in the last decade and two of them are discussed here. This model was developed by Kevin Forsberg, Hal Mooz, and Howard Cotterman in the late 1990's. This model was developed in consultation with hundreds of project managers and consultants. The advantage of this project is that concepts of management are also integrated into the model, something which was lacking in the PMBOK model. A graphical representation of the model is given here. (Project management models in the new century). It can be seen that almost all aspects that go into a project is represented here. It also shows that executive support is essential by showing this aspect as the platform on which the whole project is resting. The model is shown as a wheel with and axle. Four essential elements are incorporated into the model. "These four elements are: a common vocabulary, teamwork, the sequential project life cycle, and management elements." (Project management models in the new century). The wheel has the following elements namely, Project Requirements, Organizing Options, Project Team, Project Planning, Opportunity and Risk, Project Control, Project Visibility, Project Status, and Corrective Action. Leadership is given an important role and is shown as the rim of the wheel. In other words, it is the leadership rim that holds the project together. The concept here is that, as the wheel rotates, it moves forward on the axle. The axle contains the following elements namely, User, Concept, System, Plan, Sourcing, Implementation, Deployment, Operations, and Deactivation. This is the actual process by which a project will move forward. So as the project wheel turns (begins) it moves along the process until it is completed (deactivation). Three more essential elements are shown in the axle namely Technical, Business, and Budget aspects of the project. Another important feature of this model is that the axle and the wheel rest on two pillars teamwork and common vocabulary. As mentioned earlier the whole structure rests on the platform of executive support. Almost all respects of a project is shown here in simple and lucid manner. Most importantly this model

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Global warming - Essay Example (1). The term global warming does not merely connote to an increase in the temperature but also envisages an overall climatic change. Because of this change in temperature and climate, economy, human health, and the ecosystems can encounter drastic consequences. The main pollutant to atmosphere that contributes to global warming is carbon dioxide, which causes warming in atmosphere. Other pollutants such as fossil fuel, methane gas and green house gases also are act as warming agents. Unfortunately, human beings are the ones who cause this imbalance between life and earth and the consequences have already reached disastrous proportions. CO2 emitted from â€Å"power plants and vehicles† play a crucial role in increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (Wang & Chameides 36). Certain other human activities that entail degradation of wild life, â€Å"spread of homes and infrastructure† and sinking of costal land also adds pace to the process of global warming (Wang & Chameides 36). Global warming triggers killer heat waves, drought, forest pests, wildfires and contributes to rising sea level, shrinking snowpack, disappearance of glaciers, disintegrating polar ice, melting permafrost damage to coral reefs, shifting species rang es and yearly cycles and disease outbreaks (36). Besides, it also causes considerable harm to the ecosystem apart fro damaging agriculture and animal habitats. In addition, increase in atmospheric temperature may result in death of life forms, including human beings, due to the unbearable heat and drought. Wild fires can cause loss in â€Å"forestry, agriculture, and electric power sectors† (Wang & Chameides 36). High rates of evaporation may result in an increase in water vapor in air, which can cause heavy rainfall and flooding. Intense evaporation may also entail loss of moisture from soil and consequently droughts can occur (36). Evidence further points to the fact that over the course of 20th century, sea level has

The sustainable environment vs. the current growth of our human Essay

The sustainable environment vs. the current growth of our human popoulation - Essay Example Surely, there must be a limit to the amount of development and destruction of the natural resources that this planet can actually sustain before catastrophic events begin to happen. Sustainability entails the capacity for a people and an environment to endure the test of time. As there is still much we do not know about our current surroundings, there is a cause for concern as the population around us continues to mushroom. If there is no regard for the land among us, and there are no plans put into place for increased sustainability moving forward, the earth, as we know it today, could be severely altered in eras to come. With this reality in mind, it is important now to consider whether or not our environment can be sustainable in light of an increased population, and what needs to be to protect future evolutionary eras of mankind who will follow us. That is the focus of this paper. In ecological terms, sustainability refers to the unique nature that the earth’s environment has to remain diverse and productive over time (Yazdi and Shakouri 468). It is this diversity that has, to this point, allowed civilizations to flourish since the beginning of time, having access to sustainable resources that have enabled continued growth. Biologist’s wonder, however, if this ecological phenomenon that allows the biosphere to continue in its productive state can continue indefinitely in the face of continued growth and abuse. Wetlands and forests that represent the best of what a sustainable biological system entails have long dominated the earth, during the modern era. Many people believe that the wetlands continue to be healthy and productive, while forests provide much needed stability to the environment. Time will tell, of course, if these thoughts are correct, or whether we are truly destroying the sustainability of our planet. Throughout history, humans have talked about showing a respect for nature that has transcended time, yet this does not always eq uate into action. With continued population growth, however, this respect and admiration for the forests, wetlands, and other aspects of our sustainable environment has gradually decreased over time. Sustainability is vitally important to humans, however, in order to contribute to the long-term well being and ability to thrive in the midst of global change. Factors that impact this ability to sustain the productiveness of the earth for the long term include certain ecological, political, and cultural components. In essence, the needs of humans to grow and prosper on this earth must be balance with certain environmental values that cannot be compromised. Humans cannot fight the ecology of the world in the long-run and expect to win. The need for social equality and economic expansion must be balanced with the need to create a sustainable environment that will continue to support human expansion. It has long been known that a healthy ecosystem is necessary to not only the continued su rvival of living organism (humans included), but also to their ability to flourish as well (Omer 2268). In order to accomplish this feat, methods must be established in an effort to reduce any negative impact that humans have on the environment around them. In order for the earth to remain sustainable and stable, humans must allow it to

Explain the 5 sources of leader power Essay Example for Free

Explain the 5 sources of leader power Essay If the manufacturing company engages in sales or after-sales industries it pursues forward integration strategy. This strategy is implemented when the company wants to achieve higher economies of scale and larger market share. Forward integration strategy became very popular with increasing internet appearance. Many manufacturing companies have built their online stores and started selling their products directly to consumers, bypassing retailers. Forward integration strategy is effective when: Few quality distributors are available in the industry. Distributors or retailers have high profit margins. Distributors are very expensive, unreliable or unable to meet firm’s distribution needs. The industry is expected to grow significantly. There are benefits of stable production and distribution. The company has enough resources and capabilities to manage the new business. When the same manufacturing company starts making intermediate goods for itself or takes over its previous suppliers, it pursues backward integration strategy. Firms implement backward integration strategy in order to secure stable input of resources and become more efficient. Backward integration strategy is most beneficial when: Firm’s current suppliers are unreliable, expensive or cannot supply the required inputs. There are only few small suppliers but many competitors in the industry. The industry is expanding rapidly. The prices of inputs are unstable. Suppliers earn high profit margins. A company has necessary resources and capabilities to manage the new business. Advantages Advantages of VI: Lower costs due to eliminated market transaction costs Improved quality of supplies Critical resources can be acquired through VI Improved coordination in supply chain Greater market share Secured distribution channels Facilitates investment in specialized assets (site, physical-assets and human-assets) New competencies Disadvantages Disadvantages of VI: Higher costs if the company is incapable to manage new activities efficiently The ownership of supply and distribution channels may lead to lower quality products and reduced efficiency because of the lack of competition Increased bureaucracy and higher investments leads to reduced flexibility Higher potential for legal repercussion due to size (An organization may become a monopoly) New competencies may clash with old ones and lead to competitive disadvantage Alternatives to VI VI may not always be the best choice for an organization due to a lack of sufficient resources that are needed to venture into a new industry. Sometimes the alternatives to VI offer more benefits. The available choices differ in the amount of investments required and the integration level. For example, short-term contracts require little integration and much less investments than joint ventures.

Fading Light Experiment on Arduino Kit

Fading Light Experiment on Arduino Kit Introduction Arduino is an open source prototyping platform enabling users to create interactive electronic objects. [1] Here, we performed Fading Light one of the basic activities on this Arduino kit. This activity demonstrates the use of analog output in the code (Pulse Width Modulation) to fade the LED light. You can fade out and fade in the light of LED automatically using Arduino with a simple code that is installed in Arduino. Materials with Description Arduino Board Arduino Uno SMD SR3 is used. The main material needed to hold the materials, and execute the code from computer. Prototyping Shield It is a prototype extension board for Arduino Board Resistor 220R 220 ohms resistors will be used on this experiment. It is use to reduce the current flow for the LED output. Bread Board Used for the connections of materials together. LED light (Light emitting diode) will be used for verification if the code and plotting of materials is correct. USB cable A-B USB 2.0 cable which is the common A to B M/M type peripheral cable to connect the Arduino board from computer. Jumper Cable M/M Used to connect Arduino Board from breadboard. Procedure (self-explained) 1.Prepare the materials needed. 5MM -LED x1 Jumper Cable M/M x2 220R Resistor x1 USB cable Arduino Board Prototyping shield Breadboard 2. Place the prototyping shield on the top of Arduino Board. 3. Place LED light 1st the last row of the breadboard. 4. Place the Resistor on the Positive terminal of LED light and connect the opposite side of resistor on 10th pin using jumper wire. 5. Place the jumper wire on the Ground and the opposite side on Negative terminal of LED light. 6. Connect the Arduino Board to your desktop or laptop. 7. Now using desktop or laptop execute and install the appropriate code for Fading Light activity on your Arduino Board. Circuit Diagram Code Code Analysis This is the code for Fading Light Activity. As you can see, the ledPin variable has a value of 10, 10th is the pin that the LED is attached on Arduino. On setup() function this declared pin 10 to be an output. The Serial.begin(9600); this code is the speed communication. Arduino will send data at 9600 bits per second which is 9600 is the default bit. Executing the loop() function which make the LED light Fade on off with a time of 1 seconds and given value of full 5. Theres a method for fadeOn which is getting the time with 1000/ 1 sec and an increment of 5 which is called as parameters. This values are being process on for-loop which is changing the luminance of LED lights. As you can see in for-loop (byte value = 0 ; value Comparison of Code vs. Hardware Output The given code says that LED light will fade on off 19 times with a luminance of 5 which is the maximum luminance of it and decreases the luminance by 5. The given code output is accurate from the expected output of the hardware. It fades on off 19 times with 5 additional luminance in every fadeOn and decreases 5 luminance in every fadeOff, the code is accurate from the output of hardware. No errors and run successfully. Recommendation/Enhancement I recommend that procedures, guides, or instruction are given on each group members to perform those activities successfully. Readable and reliable codes that are easy to understand. Have a review on those codes that is used. References: [1]Arduino:An Open Electoring Prototyping Perform

Benefits of Video Conferencing

Benefits of Video Conferencing VIDEO CONFERENCING WHAT IS VIDEO CONFERENCING? A Video Conference (known as video teleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called visual collaboration and is a type of groupware. In other word Video Conferencing is a communications technology that integrates video and voice to connect remote users with each other as if they were in the same room. Each user needs computer, web cam, microphone, and broadband internet connection for participation in video conferencing. Users see and hear each other in real-time, allowing natural conversations. Video Conferencing differs from a videophone calls in that its designed to serve a conference rather than individuals. It is an intermediate form of video telephony, first deployed commercially by A T T during the early 1970s using their picture phone technology. Video Conferencing is becoming increasingly popular as a way to facilitate meetings, and save time and money on travel and accommodation. HOW IT WORKS Video Conferencing can be used in a host of different environments, which is one of the reasons the technology is so popular. General uses for video conferencing include business meetings, educational training or instruction and collaboration among health officials or other representatives. Thus far video conferencing has been helping in different sphere of life. The most usage field of Video conferencing Interviewing prospective students and staff Presentations Seminar presentations to remote audiences Business meeting Distance Learning Telecommuting Telemedicine BENIFICIAL OF VIDEO CONFERENCE The biggest advantage or benefit Video Conferencing has to offer is the ability to meet with people in remote locations without incurring travel expenses or other expenses associated with face to face communication. Business meetings, educational meetings, healthcare conferences and more can all be easily conducted thanks to video conferencing technology. Individuals living in remote areas can also use video conferencing to keep in touch if you will, with the world at large. More people are easily accessed and contacted using video conferencing. Because of this technology information and knowledge are often disseminated at more rapid rates, and collaboration between people occurs more willingly and freely. Students can take advantage of video conferencing to take classes at distant locations that would normally be unavailable. They can also take classes that will accommodate busy schedules. Video Conferencing can stimulate better brainstorming, knowledge sharing and information gathering. Businesses can use video conferencing to provide presentations to key members of an organization or to solicit new clients in a professional manner, regardless of their location. The possibilities for communication are virtually endless thanks to video conferencing technologies. Video Conferencing provides with the ability to meet and to work with others over a distance. The following list includes several examples of the benefits for businesses using video conferencing: Reduce travel costs. Improve use of executive time. Speed up decision-making. Keep meetings brief and more focused than face-to-face meetings. Enable top management to quickly and effectively communicate with employees sitting in multiple locations. Allows virtual project management via video and data conferencing with geographically dispersed peer groups at short notice. Provides an effective way of delivering cost-efficient training to individuals without the requirement to consistently travel to central locations. Creates a medium for conducting interviews. Working out of home has never been easier or more practical. Videoconferencing makes it possible to stay connected with people in a very real way. Videoconferencing allows users to save resources by meeting with clients and/or colleagues via videoconference. This reduces travel expenses, while maintaining face-to-face contact. For a minimal cost, it is possible to set-up a fully functional videoconferencing system that works in a professional and reliable way from your home office. HOW TO DO THIS Video Conferencing used to be something of a black art. Today, easy-to-use and manage technology means that users need know little about how the equipment actually works, Whats important is what it can do, now how it does it. Video Conferencing has become popular over the last decade. Video conferencing is when two or more parties communicate in real time in separate locations with both video and audio signals. Technology used in Video conferencing Video Input Video Output Audio Input Audio Output Data Transfer Data Compression Software Acoustic Echo Cancellation This is the technology/software used for video conferencing. The software is usually used for Video Conferencing. So start video conferencing in your preferable work and make your world easy and trouble free.

Christianity, Reform and Freedom in Method Essay -- Religion History E

I feel like I need to begin my methodological introduction with graffiti. Graffiti that says: "Bercovitch Bites," or "Foster Rules," or even "Stop Elitist Historicists." Nothing particularly original -- just a few key phrases that capture the frustration I have felt while researching New Historicism and more particularly, its application to texts. Somehow, graffiti -- the unscholarly domain of angry teenagers armed with cans of spray paint -- echoes my reaction to the scholars in this field who seem to be writing only for other scholars, thus excluding those of us who, fascinated with the ideas expressed, would like to learn about the method and topic by simply picking up a book or article. As I understand it, the whole idea of New Historicist criticism is to enlighten the readers of a text further about that text. Enlighten, educate, teach or inform -- however you put it -- this kind of criticism should be inclusive, not exclusive. The heavy use of jargon and obscure references by t hese critics serves as a "locked gate" that only allows those with the proper credentials a "key" to get in. Within the context of the text I have chosen (A Narrative of the Life and Travels of Mrs. Nancy Prince, by Nancy Prince) this elitist approach seems incongruous simply because of the facts surrounding its author and publication. This is a text written by a primarily self-educated woman who felt very strongly about using her knowledge and abilities in a "hands-on" manner to help and "enlighten" others. Ultimately, she wrote about her experiences to put food on her table, not to impress her colleagues. In any case, for the purposes of this paper, I will attempt to explain what I think New Historicism is and how I intend to use the theories beh... ...iticism. Online. 5 April, 1998. Available: http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/new_historicism.html Cogan, Frances. All-American Girl: The Ideal of Real Womanhood in Mid-Nineteenth Century America. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1989. Epstein, Leslie. The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism and Temperance in Nineteenth Century America. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 1981. Howe, Daniel. "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North during the Second Party System." The Journal of American History 77 (March 1991): 1216-1239. Newton, Judith. "History as Usual? Feminism and the 'New Historicism.'" The New Historicism. Ed. H. Aram Veeser. New York: Routledge, 1989. 152. Prince, Nancy. A Black Woman's Odyssey through Russia and Jamaica: The Narrative of Nancy Prince. New York: Markus Wiener Publishing, 1990.

Essay --

Behavioural Biases of Individuals/Analyst Traditional finance perspective theorist believes that individuals who have will to venture into investment activities does not allow their emotions to be guided by how investment information is presented to them. However, the same cannot be said for the behavioural finance perspective. Through psychological studies, researchers of behavioural finance have come to the understanding of how human behaviour and behavioural finance connected. This connection can create behavioural biases which can positively or negatively impact on the growth of investment opportunities. This research is on behavioural biases is categorized into two specific groups, cognitive errors and emotional biases. Cognitive Errors Cognitive errors are seen as basic statistical information processing, or memory errors that cause the decision to deviate from rationality. This may involve incorrectly updating or overlooking the prospects of investment information, which can be pertinent to growth of an investment. Additional, Cognitive errors are separated into two classifications types; Belief Perseverance and Information Processing Biases. Belief perseverance, with is relative to cognitive dissonance, is the mental discomfort that humans experience when recent information can contradict the previously held one. Information processing biases are considered as processing errors that are used irrationally in financial or investment decision making. Belief perseverance is spread across five sections; conservatism, confirmation, representation, illusion of control and hindsight. Conservatism is when individuals fail to incorporate new information as it becomes available, and continues to maintain their existing fore cast. Inve... ...s doing nothing to make positive changes to an outcome. This occurs when person are accustom to the way situations are. The endowment bias is where individuals place a greater value on an asset that they own than one that they do not own. This is, an individual may want to purchase a valuable item for less than it is being offered for, however, if they receive the purchase they will value it higher than the original asking price. The avoidance of decision making due to the fear of unfavourable decision outcomes is called regret-aversion. This consists of two types; error of commission and error of omission. Error of commission is when there is fear of taking an action whereas; error of omission is the fear from not taking an action. Here investments tend to be over conservatively made and there in more comfort in doing what the other players in the market are doing.

Green Tea

Leeds, describes t h sec h e m is t ray of black tea manufacture Tea is the m so two I d e I yes o NSA u m De beverage in the w o r old . The economic importance of an annual w o r I d production of tea estimated to be in the region of 1-15 million tones has resulted in considerable attention being paid to the understanding of the chemical and physical changes w h I c h take place during tea manufacture.The three main types of tea, black, green and instant tea, are made by processing the y o n g shoot or flush, comprising the terminal b u d and t w o adjacent leaves of the tea plant (Camellia genesis), s h o w n opposite. Of these types of processed tea the most important is the familiar black tea, w h I c h is a fermented product, the coloring matter arising f r o m enzymes oxidation of phenol components of the tea leaf. Green tea, o n the other hand, resembles m o r e closely the dehydrated leaf, any chemical changes being non-enzymes and its brews do not contain highly colored pro ducts.Green tea is the m so t popular of r m of tea in a number of countries including China and Japan. Instant tea may be prepared f r o m both black and green tea, the process essentially involving extraction w I t h water, concentration and dehydration. The w o r I d market for instant tea, however, is small (some 5% of w o r I d tea production), indicating perhaps that satisfactory products have not yet reached the customer. The market has been further affected by the introduction of tea bags.In view of the commercial importance of black tea and the intricacy of the mechanisms of its manufacture, this product has received by far the most attention and the purpose of the present article is to outline some findings in this field. The black tea process 1 The freshly plucked tea flush is allowed to wither in air for some 18-20 hours, or for shorter periods when heated air is circulated, when it loses water and acquires a kid-glove feel. Important chemical changes have already begun to take place 2 .For example, amino acids are formed as precursors of compounds ultimately leading to the production of flavor and non-enzymes browning, the formation of kite compounds as flavor precursors and the 2 formation of caffeine. The leaf also becomes capable of acquiring a twist, rather than breaking up, when it is subsequently rolled. Fermentation is initiated by rolling when the enzyme, normally located in the chloroplast, and the phenol substrate, found in the cell vacuoles, are mixed in the presence of oxygen, without extensive damage to the outer cell wall.A three hour fermentation results in less than 10% of unchanged substrate remaining 3 . Fermentation is arrested by firing in a stream of hot air which also dries the product to some 3% moisture content. The final stage is grading. Enzymes oxidation Phenols or polysaccharides are enzymes which mediate in the oxidation of o-depletion to o-quinine's in the presence of oxygen but most of these enzymes are also capable of oxidation monopoles to o- quinine's. The tea enzyme is a polysaccharides but, unlike the ordinary for the so called fermentation are flavor components of the tea leaf.These are based on the flan structure, figure 1 . Polyphonic components comprise some 25-35% of the tea flush on a dry weight basis, of which some 20% may be found as flavor 4 . Specific flavor structures are shown in figure 2. They may clearly be divided into two groups ? the catechist and the collocations according to whether there are two or three hydroxyl (OH) groups in the right hand phenol ring. In fact, each group of compounds may be further distinguished according to the arrangements of groups around carbon atoms 2 and 3, resulting in four possible isomers.For example, the isomers of the catechisms are: (-) catechist, (+) catechist, (-) peachiness and (+) peachiness. In addition, these compounds exist as esters with Gaelic acid, figure 3. The most abundant are the collocations and specifically (-) epistemolo gically and its gallant ester (ca. 10% dry weight). In order of abundance, this is followed by (-) peachiness and its gallant (ca. 5 by weight) 4 . It is reasonable to assume that the first stage of oxidation involves conversion of Nutrition and Food Science these substrates to o-quinine's and is followed by condensation of these quinine's to dimmers and polymers.Flavor derived products in black tea The oxidation of flavors by way of quinine leads to the formation of dimmers by meaner of bonds between adjacent molecules, such that the 2†² position on one molecule, figure 2, links to either the 6 or 8 position on another in the case of catechist (ahead to tail' dimmers), and in the case of collocations the 2†² position on one molecule becomes linked to the 2†² position on another (tail to tail' dimmers). These tail to tail dimmers have been identified in black tea and are found to be derived from (-) epistemologically and its gallant as expected 5 .During fermentation carbon dioxide is evolved and this is believed to arise from an unusual but most important reaction leading to the formation of a seven member ring. Carbon rings of this size are infrequently found in organic chemistry but the essentials of this reaction are illustrated by the oxidation of paroxysmal to form purloining, figure 4. Gaelic acid, found extensively in fermented tea, can undergo a similar reaction to form purpurogallincarboxylic acid.The thyroxin grouping of the collocations can react in a similar manner to paroxysmal and it is therefore, not surprising that compounds such as paleontologist, figure 5, are found to be present in black tea 6 . It is also found that the catechist can take the place of one molecule of reactant in the purloining reaction. Thus, catechist can react with Gaelic acid to form diphtheria acids, figure 6, but, more importantly, one molecule of catechist is capable of reacting with one molecule of collocating, again in a purloining type reaction 2 .T he product is known as deflating and the structure is shown in figure 7. Deflating and its gallant esters are very important orange-red coloring matters in black tea constituting some 2% by weight on a dry basis. However, by weight, the most important group of coloring matters in black tea is that known as therapeutics constituting more than 10% 7 . Their structure is still unknown but they may also Evaluation of tea Tea is evaluated under five headings: strength, color, briskness, aroma and quality.Strength is a measure of the total concentration of deflations and therapeutics and, since they are responsible mainly for the color of tea, with small contributions from paleontologists and products of November 1979 3 TEA continued non-enzymes browning, color and strength are related. However, the assessment of color is more a measure of the brightness of the color rather than total color and so is a measure of the balance between the deflations and therapeutics, the former contributing sensory brightness and the latter the depth 8 .The extent of popularization of tea polyphony's depends on such factors as time and temperature, more extensive popularization giving rise to reduction of solubility. The polymers combine readily with caffeine and the result on cooling is known as creaming, the compounds so formed tending to separate out. This is particularly undesirable in teas intended for making iced tea. Creaming can be assessed through the cream index which is determined by deliberate coagulation with acid.The astringency of tea is largely dependent on the amount of polyphonic compounds present, the degree of oxidation of the tea flavors and particularly by the amount of Gaelic acid groups present on the flavors and their oxidation products. Caffeine is reported to improve the briskness of tea and milk or lemon Juice may modify the taste of the polyphony's 2 . The overall quality of a tea infusion may also be related to he proportions of deflating and therapeutics present and also to the sum of their concentrations.The aroma of tea is not related to tea polyphony's but is determined by the volatile components. Some three hundred compounds have been identified in black tea and recent discoveries are listed in the latest review 2 . They comprise leaderless, stones, esters, pyridine's, paralyzes, thistles, squishiness, aromatic amines, amides and other compounds. The formation of carbonyl compounds is a result of Stretcher degradation reactions between amino acids and oxidized flavors according to: usability stresses the importance of the formation of amino acids during the withering stages of tea manufacture.Tea leaves, being photosynthetic organs, also contain a significant amount of cartooned and important black tea aroma components are probably produced as a result of the oxidative degradation of carotids. The oxidation of unsaturated fats may also contribute to flavor. Conclusion The most important stage of black tea manufacture involves e nzymes oxidation of flavor substrates. Demerit flavors and particularly deflating are important contributors to tea quality together with the higher polymers known as heartburning. It is worth noting, however, that condensation does not stop when the enzyme is inactivated during firing.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 13

Rashel knew she had to stop the guard before he could make a sound. The vampires' mansion was on the farther cliffs, overlooking open sea rather than the harbor, and the music ought to help drown outside noises-but the greatest danger was still that they would be heard before the girls could get away. She launched herself at the werewolf, throwing a front snap kick to his chest. She could hear the air whoosh out as he fell backward. Good. No breath for howling. She landed with both knees on top of him. â€Å"This is silver,† she hissed, pressing the blade against his throat. â€Å"Don't make a noise or I'll use it.† He glared at her. He had shaggy hair and eyes that were already half-animal. â€Å"Is there anybody on the boats?† When he didn't answer, she pressed the silver knife harder. â€Å"Is there?† He snarled a breathless â€Å"No.† His teeth were turning, too, spiking and lengthening. â€Å"Don't change-† Rashel began, but at that moment he decided to throw her off. He heaved once, violently. A snap of her wrist would have plunged the silver blade into his throat even as she fell. Instead Rashel rolled backward in a somersault, tucking in her head and ending up on her right knee. Then, as the werewolf jumped at her, she slammed the sheathed knife upward against his jaw. He fell back unconscious. Too bad, I wanted to ask him about the client. Rashel looked shoreward, to see that Daphne, Annelise, and Nyala were on the pier with her. They were each holding a rock or a piece of wood broken from the jagged pilings of the wharf. They were going to help me, Rashel thought. She felt oddly warmed by it. â€Å"Okay,† she said rapidly. â€Å"Annelise and Keiko, with me. Everybody else, stay. Daphne, keep watch.† In a matter of minutes she and the boating girls had checked the boats and found two with features they thought they could handle†¦ and with fuel. Anne-lise had removed a couple of crucial engine pieces out of the others. â€Å"Took out the impellers and the solenoids,† she told Rashel mysteriously, holding out a grimy hand. â€Å"Good. Let's set them adrift. Everybody else, get yourself on a boat. Find a place to sit fast and sit down.† Rashel moved to the back of the group where Fayth had her arms around a couple of the girls who looked scared of setting out on the dark ocean. â€Å"Come on, people.† She meant to herd them in front of her like chickens. That was when it happened. Rashel had an instant's warning-the faint crunch of sand on rock behind her. And then something hit her with incredible force in the middle of the back. It knocked her down and sent her knife flying. Worse, it sent her mind reeling in shock. She hadn't been prepared. That instant's warning hadn't been enough-because she had already lost zanshin. She no longer had the gift of continuing mind. She had lost her single purpose. In the old days she'd been fixed on one thing-to kill the Night People. There had been no hesitation, no confusion. But now†¦ she'd already faltered twice tonight, knocking the werewolves unconscious instead of killing them. She was confused, uncertain. And, as a result, unprepared. And now I'm dead, she thought. Her numbed mind was desperately trying to recover and come up with a strategy. But there was a wild snarling in her ear and a trail of hot pain down her back. Animal claws. There was a wolf on top of her. Rudi had gotten loose. Rashel gathered herself and bucked to throw the wolf off. He slipped and she tried to roll out from under him, arms up to keep her throat protected. The werewolf was too heavy-and too angry. He scrambled over her rolling body like a lumberjack on a log. His snarling muzzle kept darting for her throat in quick lunges. Rashel could see his bushy coat standing on end. She felt fire across her ribs-his claws had torn through her shirt. She ignored it. Her one thought was to keep him away from her throat. Keeping an elbow up, she reached for the knife with her other hand. No good. She hadn't rolled far enough. Her fingertips just missed the hilt. And Rudi the wolf was right in her face. All she could see were sharp wet teeth, black gums, and blazing yellow eyes. Her face was misted with hot canine breath. Every snap of those jaws made a hollow glunk. Rashel only had one option left-to block each lunge as it came. But she couldn't keep that up forever. She was already tiring. It's over, she thought. The girls who might have helped her-Daphne and Nyala and Annelise were at the far end of the wharf or on the boats. The other girls were undoubtedly too scared even to try. Rashel was alone, and she was going to die very soon. My own stupid fault, she thought dimly. Her arms were shaking and bloodied. She was getting weaker fast. And the wolf knew. Even as she thought it, she missed a block. Her arm slipped sideways. Her throat was exposed. In slow motion she saw the jaws of the wolf opening wide, driving toward her. She saw the triumph in those yellow eyes. She knew, with a curious sense of resignation, that the next thing she would feel was teeth ripping through her flesh. The oldest way to die in the world. I'm sorry, Daphne, she thought. I'm sorry, Nyala. Please go and be safe. And then everything seemed to freeze. The wolf stopped in midlunge, head jerking backward. Its eyes were wide and fixed. Its jaws were open but not moving. It looked as if it might howl. But it didn't. It collapsed in a hot quivering heap on top of Rashel, legs stiff. Rashel scrambled out from under it automatically. And saw her knife sticking out of the base of its skull. Quinn was standing above it. â€Å"Are you all right?† He was breathing quickly, but he looked calm. Moonlight shone on his black hair. The entire world was huge and quivering and oddly bright. Rashel still felt as if she were moving in slow motion. She stared at Quinn, then looked toward the wharf. Girls were scattered all over, as if frozen in the middle of running in different directions. Some were on the decks of the two remaining boats. Some were heading toward her. Daphne and Nyala were only fifteen feet away, but they were both staring at Quinn and seemed riveted in place. Nyala's expression was one of horror, hate-and recognition. Waves hissed softly against the dock. Think. Now think, girl, Rashel told herself. She was in a state of the strangest and most expanded consciousness she'd ever felt. Her hands were icy cold and she seemed to be floating-but her mind was clear. Everything depended on how she handled the next few minutes. â€Å"Why did you do that?† she asked Quinn softly. At the same time she shot Daphne the fastest and the most intense look of her life. It meant Go now. She willed Daphne to understand. â€Å"You just lost a guard,† she went on, getting up slowly. Keep his eyes on you. Keep moving. Make him talk. â€Å"Not a very good one,† Quinn said, looking with fastidious disgust at the heap of fur. Go, Daphne, run, Rashel thought. She knew the girls still had a chance. There were no other vampires coming down the path. That meant that Rudi had either been too angry to give a general alarm or too scared. That was one good thing about werewolves-they acted on impulse. Quinn was the danger now. â€Å"Why not a good one?† she asked. â€Å"Because he damaged the merchandise?† She lifted her torn shirt away from her ribs. Quinn threw back his head and laughed. Something jerked in Rashel's chest, but she used the moment to change her position. She was right by the wolf now, with her left hand at the exact level of the knife. â€Å"That's right,† Quinn said. A wild and bitter smile still played around his lips. â€Å"He was presumptuous. You almost surrendered to the wrong darkness there, Shelly. By the way, where'd you get a silver knife?† He doesn't know who I am, Rashel thought. She felt both relief and a strange underlying grief. He still thought she was some girl from the club- maybe a vampire hunter, but not the vampire hunter. The one he'd admitted was good. So he's unprepared. He's off his guard. If I can kill him with one stroke, before he calls to the other vampires, the girls may get away. She glanced at the wharf again, deliberately, hoping to draw his gaze. But he didn't look behind him, and Daphne and the other stupid girls weren't leaving. Refusing to go without her. Idiots! Now or never, Rashel thought. â€Å"Well, anyway,† she said, â€Å"I think you saved my life. Thank you.† Keeping her eyes down, she held out her hand. her right hand. Quinn looked surprised, then reached out automatically. With one smooth motion, like a snake uncoiling, Rashel attacked. Her right hand drove past his hand and clamped on his wrist. Her left hand plunged down to grab the knife. Her fingers closed on the hilt and pulled- and the sheath with its attached silver blade stayed in the werewolf's neck. Just as she'd planned. The knife itself came free, the real knife, the one made of wood. And then Quinn tried to throw her and her body responded automatically. She was moving without conscious direction, anticipating his attacks and blocking them even as he started to make them. It transformed the fight into a dance. Faster than thought, graceful as a lioness, she countered every move he made. Zanshin to the max. She ended up straddling him with her knife at his throat. Now. Fast. End it. She didn't move. You have to, she told herself. Quick, before he calls the others. Before he knocks you out telepathically. He can do it, you know that. Then why isn't he trying? Quinn lay still, with the point of the wooden knife in the hollow of his throat, just where his dark collar parted. His throat was pale in the moonlight and his hair was black against the sand. Footsteps sounded behind Rashel. She heard rapid light breathing. â€Å"Daphne, take the boats and go now. Leave me here. Do you understand?† Rashel spoke every word distinctly. â€Å"But Rashel-â€Å" â€Å"Do it now!† Rashel put a force she hadn't known she had behind the words. She heard the quick intake of Daphne's breath, then footsteps scampering off. All the while, she hadn't taken her eyes off Quinn. Like everything else, the green-black blade of her knife was touched with moonlight. It seemed to shimmer almost liquidly. Lignum vitae, the Wood of Life. It would be death for him. One thrust would put it through his throat. The next would stop his heart. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Rashel whispered. She was. She was truly sorry that this had to be done. But there was no way out. It was for Nyala, for all the girls he'd kidnapped and hunted and lured. It was to keep girls like them safe for the future. â€Å"You're a hunter,† Rashel said softly, trying for steadiness. â€Å"So am I. We both understand. This is the way it goes. It's kill or be killed. It all comes down to that in the end.† She paused to breathe. â€Å"Do you understand?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"If I don't stop you, you'll be a danger forever. And I can't let that happen. I can't let you hurt anyone else.† She was aware that she was shaking her head slightly in her attempt to explain to him. Her lungs ached and there were tears in her eyes. â€Å"I can't.† Quinn didn't speak. His eyes were black and bottomless. His hair was slightly mussed on his forehead, but he didn't show any other sign of just having been in a fight. He's not going to struggle, Rashel realized. Then make it quick and merciful. No need for him to feel the pain of wood through his throat. She switched her grip on the knife, raising it over his chest. Holding it with both hands, poised above his heart. One swift downward stroke and it would be over. For the first time since she had killed a Night Person, she didn't say what she always said. She wasn't the Cat right now; this wasn't revenge for her. It was necessity. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she whispered, and shut her eyes. He whispered, â€Å"This kitten has claws.† Rashel's muscles locked. Her eyes opened. â€Å"Go on,† Quinn said. â€Å"Do it. You should have done it the first time.† His gaze was as steady as Fayth's. She could see moonlight in his eyes. He didn't look wild, or bitter, or mocking. He only looked serious and a little tired. â€Å"I should have realized it before-that you were the one in the cellar. I knew there was something about you. I just couldn't figure out what. At least now I've seen your face.† Rashel's arms wouldn't come down. What was wrong with her? Her resolve was draining away. Her whole body was weak. She felt herself begin to tremble, and realized to her horror she couldn't stop it. â€Å"Everything you said was true,† he said. â€Å"This is how it has to end.† â€Å"Yes.† Something had swollen in Rashel's throat and it hurt. â€Å"The only other possibility is that I kill you. Better this way than that.† He looked exhausted suddenly-or sick. He turned his head and shut his eyes. â€Å"Yes,† Rashel said numbly. He believed that? â€Å"Besides, now that I have seen your face, I can't stand the sight of myself in your eyes. I know what you think of me.† Rashel's arms dropped. But limply. The blade pointed upward, between her own wrists. She sat there with her knuckles on his chest and stared at a scraggly wild raspberry bush growing out of the cliff. She had failed Nyala, and Nyala's sister, and countless other people. Other humans. When it really counted, she was letting them all down. â€Å"I can't kill you,† she whispered. â€Å"God help me, I can't.† He shook his head once, eyes still shut. She was open to attack, but he didn't do anything. Then he looked at her. â€Å"I told you before. You're an idiot.† Rashel hit him under the jaw the way she'd hit the guard. The hilt of her dagger caught him squarely. He didn't move to avoid the blow. It knocked him out cold. Rashel wiped her cheeks and got up, looking around for something to tie him with. Her whole life was torn to pieces, falling around her. She didn't understand anything. All she could do was try to finish what she'd come here for. Action, that was what she needed. Thought could wait. It would have to wait. Then she glanced at the wharf. She couldn't believe it. It seemed as if at least a week had passed since she yelled at Daphne, and they were all still here. The boats were here, the girls were here, and Daphne was running toward her. Rashel strode to meet her. She grabbed Daphne by the shoulders and shook hard. â€Å"Get-out-of-here! Do you understand? What do I have to do, throw you in the water?† Daphne's eyes were huge and blue. Her blond hair flew like thistledown with the shaking. When Rashel stopped, she gasped, â€Å"But you can come with us now!† â€Å"No, I can't! I still have things to do.† â€Å"Like what?† Then Daphne's eyes darted to the cliff. She stared at Rashel. â€Å"You're going after them? You're crazy!† Looking frightened, she grabbed Rashel's hands on her shoulders. â€Å"Rashel, there are supposed to be eight of them, right? Plus Lily and Ivan and who knows what else! You really think you can kill them all? What, are they all just going to line up?† â€Å"No. I don't know. But I don't need to kill them all. If I can get the guy who set this up, the client, it will be worth it.† Daphne was shaking her head, in tears. â€Å"It won't be worth it! Not if they kill you-which they will. You're already hurt-â€Å" â€Å"It'll be worth it if I can stop him from doing this again,† Rashel said quietly. She couldn't yell anymore. She didn't have the strength. Her voice was quenched, but she held Daphne's eyes. â€Å"Now get somebody to throw me some rope or something to tie these guys with. And then leave. No, give me five minutes to get to the top of the cliff. Six minutes. That way maybe I can surprise them before they realize you're gone.† Daphne was crying steadily now. Before she could say anything, Rashel went on. â€Å"Daphne, any minute now they could realize that. Someone's bound to check the cellar before midnight. Every second we stand here could make the difference. Please, please, don't fight me anymore.† Daphne opened her mouth, then shut it. Her eyes were desolate. â€Å"Please try to take care of yourself,† she whispered. She let go of Rashel's shoulders and hugged her hard. â€Å"We all know you're doing it for us. I'm proud to be your friend.† Then she turned and ran, herding the others ^^ toward the boats. A moment later she threw Rashel two pieces of line. Rashel tied up Quinn first, then the werewolf. â€Å"Six minutes,† she said to Daphne. Daphne nodded, trying not to cry. Rashel wouldn't say goodbye. She hated that. Even though she knew perfectly well that she was never going to see Daphne again. Without looking back, she loped up the hiking trail.

The Ethical use of cell phones

The morals and values combine to form ethics, technology and the changes it brings in todays society, the effect of cell phones, the different use of the cell phone, and who can use their cell phones in the nursing homes. Ethics describes a system of morals that are studied, recommended, and accepted by society. These unwritten rules, made up of morals and values combine to form ethics. If something is ethical, it falls within the realm of behavior that society prefers.The unethical uses of the cell phones in the nursing homes workers are hose behaviors that society deems right when on the cell phone it is a combination of laws, manners and common sense. Camera phones can be a difficult privacy issue. ( http://www. ehow. com/about_5165198_ethical- uses-cell-phones. html) daily basis. The use of the cell phones has the biggest affect in this country. People either use it to communicate or even surf the web, to find various information that they are trying to inquire about.This is one use of technology is how people keep up with stocks, education, paying bills, knowing what is going on with their Job, and maintaining their busy schedules. Using this type of technology can help you to stay on top of your entire task and agendas and still stay in communication. Cell phones are the way many people communicate in the world. We use this device to keep in touch with our love ones when they are near or far away. With cell phones you can communicate with people Just about anywhere in the world.You have options of paying your bills, checking the weather; surf the internet. Use the built-in calculator for simple math, send or receive e-mail, play games, watch TV, send text messages, and last but not least keep track of all appointments, and set reminders when they are needed. So the corporation state that the use of the camera violate the HIPPA program, so they should ban cell phones because of the camera, and sound recorder functions? Next we ban cameras, sound recorders, telephones, and even Laptops. How about electric lights and hot tap water?Maybe we should ban pencils, pens, and paper so we can't write anything on our hands that we can take out of the building? Just like how the doctors' know when and where to use their cell phone, so do the direct care staff. It's not the technology, it's the users. I think a few of us have commented on the very valid point that the perpetrators were in violation f several laws and the ethical standards of the profession. Let's see them get the punishment they have earned. But misusing a tool won't stop by removing the tool; there always will be substitutes.Perhaps not having a phone in your hand was a luxury a few years ago, but today, it's expected. I will not answer personal calls and really I don't believe that personal calls to staff of any kind (yes, I do mean the sick family members, the kids in school, and the spouses stuck in traffic) should be validated (http://allnurses. com/nursing- news/lawmakers-c urb-cell-392956-page3. html) These cell phones come in all shapes, olors, and sizes for our personal use. The cell phones are in such demand for this nation because they are very convenient.