Increasing population Essay Example for Free

Increasing population EssayIncreasing population poses a greater curse to the future of our planet than consumption. Hinrichsen explains the effects of population to our environment. As the man population grows, the demand for natural resources also increases. Consumption poses a threat in the find that it is needed to accommodate the worlds population. It is possible to reduce consumption the lesser population the world has, but while the population grows, more and more resources are needed, eve at least to support the basic needs like food and shelter. Population has been growing faster than food supplies in 64 of 105 growing countries.Arable lands and forests are also exploited to meet the demand of increasing population. Fresh water sources cannot keep up its pace of renewing itself from a steadily increasing population. The seas are also overexploited to supply the demand of population. Futhermore, human activities also affect the environment through poor sanitation a nd pollution. The more people there are, the more contributors to threatening the future of our planet. 2) Based on your answer to question 1, please name two potential solutions to mitigate the impact this threat has on the planet (be specific).Hinrichsen suggested sollutions to the problem posed by the increasing world population. The most obvious one is to reduce population branch rate. Slowing population growth would buy time to protect natural resources (Hinrichsen, 2000). Family planning programs, aside from improving the welfare of families, will play a key role to stabilizing world population and the future would benefit from it. Energy conservation would also play a vital role to preserving our future, however little it may contribute.Increasing zilch efficiency, like carbon efficiency in automobiles, would eventually reduce pollution. Hinrichsen also suggested that managing cities better and discouraging technologies that produce high levels of wastes would help save th e future of the world.Bibliography Hinrichsen, take in and Bryant Robey. Population and the environment A global challenge. Excerpts from a Johns Hopkins University report. October 2000. American Institute of Biological Sciences. 3 July 2008 http//www. actionbioscience. org/environment/hinrichsen_robey. html

Rresearch proposal Essay Example for Free

R explore proposal EssayAccording to Kargonn A. Matthews, Ph. D (2009), good deal who are eng eldd in doubled enjoyable activities are go murder sensiblely and psychically .This statement of Karen A.Matthews is indirectly stating that peerless must not frustrate himself working(a) too much .There is a need to enjoy and straighten in order to become a better person .Students who are dedicated on their studies evanesce a covey of season thinking ab away(predicate) their studies, doing their assignments and constructing their projects. They focus almost all of their conviction in doing schoolmanian stuff in order for them to step up and compass their goals as students. These kind of students are the students that are in demand for incompatible scholarship programs. These are the students of supranational Mari clock time Employers Council (IMEC), an organization which is dedicated to maritime industry , get down .The International Maritime Employers Council (IMEC) aims to advocate physically, mentally, emotionally, complaisantly and spiritually developed cadets through the IMEC Cadetship Programme in partnership with the University of CebuMaritime Education and Training Center (UC-METC). The IMEC Cadets are provided with all their needs from wag and lodge, food, uniform, tuition and inexpert facilities.The IMEC cadets eat their own recreational or untenanted room that can be used during chuck up the sponge times. They spend their unfilled time in different activities .They walkover board games and ball game or watch tele muckle .They have the freedom to choose whether if they are going to play or rest . Different types of activities may produce an impact to the academic death penalty of the IMEC Cadets .It may be desirable or undesirable effects.The proponents chose to do the dissect for the reason that in doing so hopefully, it allow help the proponents to untenanted activities and academic performance of The International Mari time EmployersCouncil (IMEC) Cadets. This education of empty activities and academic performance of The International MaritimeEmployers Council (IMEC) Cadets provide hopefully become a medium to open up clean ideas to improve the status of the IMEC Cadets, IMEC Administrators, Instructors and the society. This find out willing provide answers that cannot be stated through surface analysis, but by providing valid randomness and data that will institute the correlativity of vacant activities and academic performance of IMEC Cadets.theoretic BackgroundCompensatory Theory of vacuous (Burch, 1994).The main idea of the compensatory theory is that work is seen as the dominant staff office in liveness, and leisure is seen compensating for either the boredom or the excitement of the job. (Bammel Bammel, 1992) This theory can explain more or less of the leisure conduct seen in modern society. For example people exciting jobs often test repose after work. It seems from that m ostly people with an extreme level of either boredom or excitement in their job fall under this theory.This indicates that this approach has well-nigh relevance for modern society. On the other hand, this theory cannot explain wherefore the rail t apieceer becomes a sports trainer in his free time or why a dentist is as well as a passionate watch tracer. ( Haecker, 2002) The compensatory hypothesis suggests that whenever the individual is given the opportunity to avoid his regular routine, he will seek a directly opposite leisure activeness such as music, art, community involvement, and physical fitness for relaxation, broadening of knowledge, and spontaneous social participation. (Burch, 1994) Spillover Theory of untenanted (Wilensky, 1996). Spillover Theory is the antithesis to the compensatory theory. It states leisure somehow parallels or results from work activity. It suggests that work has a strong impact on the workers personality and therefore overly watch overs his leisure behavior.This means that a teacher gets used to teaching so much that he cannot help continuing it after work. ( Haecker, 2002) These last two theories oppose Kellys approach to leisure as contextual, which sees leisure embedded in habits, similarityships and social arrangements like work. (Kelly, 2000)This theory, too, explains some parts of modern leisure behavior. A lot of people do things similar to their work in their free time, some even get wind their work leisure. But like the compensatory theory it can alone explain parts of modern leisure behavior. There seem to be more variables winding.(Haecker, 2002).More commandingly, the worker may enjoy work so much that its radical themes are repeated in leisure pastimes. For example, a student who enjoys long hours of practice session books in addition has a hobby of collecting books or other reading paraphernalia that may lead to discovery of more knowledge which can improve his rational skills and academic perfo rmance.Moreover, for student populations, participation in leisure activities is as well believed to be a benign mechanism for fighting social ills such as drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and other deviant behaviour (Vicary, Smith, Caldwell, Swisher, 1998). Another incontrovertible effect of participation in leisure includes the broadening of an individuals perspective on the world of work (Munson Savickas, 1998). Munson (1993) conducted a survey of 251 American youths and put that the stronger the perceived freedom in leisure, the higher the leisure participation, conviction, and value. Moreover, the higher the perceived freedom, the less presumable that participation in activities would be restricted by exogenic factors.More betaly, investigations by Munson and Widmer (1997) and Munson and Savickas (1998) indicate that world-shaking relation-ships exist among thinking and contemplating, ethical leisure behaviour, and occupational identity that is, the more those students involve themselves in happy and germinal leisure activities, the better they advance in occupational identity victimization with clear career goals. In an environment immersed with pragmatism, leisure activities have traditionally been treated as a residual issue in the cultivation of students, while the idea that leisure and career roles reciprocally influence each other (Super, 1984) is by and large neglected. Fitzgerald, Joseph, Hayes, and ORegan (1995) suggest that an understanding of youth and boylike adults leisure activities and interests can help further our knowledge of their individual needs, development, and social world.Self-development Theory (Dumazedier, 1992).This is based on Dumazediers tripartite theory of leisure, consisting of three functions of leisure relaxation, entertainment, and personal development. He supposes that there will be a time when personal growth, not working for a living, will be lifes primary motivator. Here, relaxation is a prerequisite for leisure, as we need to overcome fatigue, entertainment is the diversion opinion of leisure, and finally personal development is the enduring component of leisure (Bammel Bammel, 1992).Bammel and Bammel state that this approach has found its way into modern society, as most people regard work less important than personal growth. More and more workers make use of the possibility of sabbaticals for self-development, and for many unripened students not the money they will pull in with their future job, but the satisfaction they hope to find there, seems to be the major influence on the choice of study.But even though modern people have more free time than ever before, Bammel Bammel state, with additional free time, many workers simply increase their television-watching time. This means that most people will only realize the first two steps of Dumazediers tripartite theory relaxation and entertainment. For many people this is what leisure means easy entertainment. To achieve sel f-development some reflection and work on oneself is necessary, and this does not fit into a lot of peoples perceiving of leisure.Similar from conservative- Marxist perspective, Dumazadier (1974 cited in Rojek 1995) defines leisure as time orientated towards self-fulfilment as an ultimate end. However, this leisure time is granted to the individual by society, when they have complied with his occupational, family, socio-spiritual and socio-political obligations, which makes leisure a necessary element of social order as an opportunity for free time activities contribute to well-being of individual and society. Furthermore, Kaplan (1984 cited in Rojek 1995) look ats that the leisure is the primary value of mankind in industrial society as it is a relatively self-determined activity experience that falls into economically free-time roles that is psychologically pleasant in anticipation and recollection that potentially covers the completely range of commitment and intensity that co ntains characteristic norms and constraints and that provides opportunities for recreation, personal growth and service to others (Kaplan 1975 cited in Rojek 1995). (Zurawik, 2012) Perspectives on LeisureLeisure is defined as freedom from compensable labour or as a voluntary behavior (Rojek 2005). Developing this concept, Mannell and Kleiber(1997) state that leisure is commonly characterised as an activity in time free from obligations, which provides meaningful and satisfying experience set with freedom, choice and life satisfaction. In 1974, John Neulineger created a model classification of the perceived freedom and fundamental motivating dimensions. Neulinger identified a criterion of leisure as a perceived freedom- a state in which a person feels that what they are doing is done by choice and because they want to do it (Neulinger, 1981 cited in Mannell, Kleiber 1997126).He also distinguished between intrinsic- rewards coming from lovely in activity itself, which can be expla ined by self determination theory and extrinsic motivation- fight in activity leads to other rewards (money, grades). According to Neulingers typology when activity is freely chosen for intrinsic reasons it is called a pure leisure. At the opposite extreme there is activity least leisure like pure job. Neulingers pure job also cognize as Godbeys anti-leisure is an activity which is undertaken compulsively, as a means to an end, from a cognizance of necessity, with high spot of externally imposed constrains, with considerable anxiety, with high degree of time-consciousness, with minimum of personal autonomy, and which avoids self- actualization, authentication and finitude (Neulinger 1989 cited in Rojek 1995).Following this socio- psychological perspective, Kaplan (1960 cited in Rojek, 2005 p. 80) identified seven essential elements of pure leisure experience psychological recognition of activity which is antithesis of work, identification of leisure with pleasure, minimum invo luntary role obligation, psychological perception of freedom, inclusion of an entire range of responses from inconsequence and insignificance to weightiness and importance, common psychological recognition of play, identification of activity as being close to the values of culture. (Zurawik, 2012) Review of Related LiteratureThis part presents the literatures that have bearing on the concerns of the study. A number of pieces of literature, documents, pamphlets, handouts, unpublished theses were perused and analyzed to provide the necessary framework of this study. Ideas, insights, theories, conclusions and recommendations advanced by these papers were cited as authorities of the study. Related StudiesThe study of Hickerson, genus Benzoin D. and Beggs, Brent A. (1992), about Leisure time boredom issues concerning college students, examined the impact of boredom on leisure of college students in relation to gender, level of cultivation, and activity choice. Subjects at a Midwestern university completed the Leisure Boredom Scale and a modified version of the Leisure Activities Blank. No significant differences were found between overall levels of leisure boredom and the three independent variables.However, examinations of individual Leisure Boredom Scale items indicated circumstantial differences. Hultsman, 1993).For many young adults, the college categorys are a full stop of expanding freedoms and way interests (Gitelson Thomason, 1992). College is seen as the last stage of formal education for most people and it is also one of the last structured opportunities for individuals to form leisure time behavior patterns before they move into the workforce (Cheng et al., 2004). The college environment has a unique influence on leisure behavior, including different patterns of free time availability and the acquisition of new activities.Leisure participation in college students has long-term ramifications as it molds attitudes and behaviors leading to continued recreation participation in later life (Gordon Catalbiano, 1996). Students who do not have leisure skills, cannot manage leisure time, or are not aware that leisure can be psychologically rewarding are more likely to be bored during leisure (Hickerson, et al., 2007).The study of American Journal of Health Studies Publisher (2000) investigated the inter blood among academic stress, anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction among 249 university undergraduates by age and gender. Time management behaviors had a greater buffering effect on academic stress than leisure satisfaction activities. Freshmen and sophomore students had higher reactions to stress than juniors and seniors. Anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction were all predictors of academic stress in the multivariate analysis. Anxiety reduction and time management in conjunction with leisure activities may be an impressive strategy for reducing academic stress in college students.A disturbing trend in coll ege student health is the reported increase in student stress nationwide (Sax, 1997). Stressors affecting students can be categorized as academic, financial, time or health related, and self-imposed (Goodman, 1993 LeRoy, 1988). Academic stressors include the students perception of the extensive knowledge base required and the perception of an inadequate time to develop it (Carveth, Gesse, Moss, 1996). Students report experiencing academic stress at predictable times each semester with the greatest sources of academic stress resulting from victorious and studying for exams, grade competition, and the large come of content to master in a small amount of time (Abouserie, 1994 Archer Lamnin, 1985 Britton Tesser, 1991 Kohn Frazer, 1986).When stress is perceived negatively or becomes excessive, students experience physical and psychological impairment (Murphy Archer, 1996). Methods to reduce stress by students often include effective time management, social support, controlling reap praisal, and engagement in leisure pursuits (Blake Vandiver, 1988 Mattlin, Wethington, Kessler, 1990). Leisure satisfaction is defined as the positive feeling of contentment one perceives as a result of meeting personal needs through leisure activities (Seigenthaler, 1997).Although relationships among some leisure domains and perceived stress have been studied in a variety of settings involving retirees to school-related settings (Kabanoff OBrian, 1986 Kaufman, 1988 Pickens Kiess, 1988 Ragheb McKinney, 1993 Tice Baumeister, 1997), relationships between leisure satisfaction and academic stress of college students have not been addressed directly.The only scientific research that specifically related leisure satisfaction to academic stress was that of Ragheb and McKinney (1993), who established a negative association between academic stress and leisure satisfaction. A limitation of this study, however, was that it measured academic stress utilise seven items that were extracted incl usively from occupational stress inventories (Misra, 2000). The above literature suggests that the tendency to structure ones time and leisure satisfaction may be an important factor in reducing academic stress.The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelationship (and predictors) of college students academic stress with anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. It was hypothesized that academic stress would read a significant positive correlation with anxiety, and a significant negative correlation with self-reported time management behaviors and leisure satisfaction of college students. A person engaging more frequently in time management behaviors will report fewer physical and psychological symptoms of stress. The greater satisfaction with leisure that students indicate the bring low their perceived academic stress will be (Misra, 2000).The Journal Expanding Opportunities for Young People and Communities explains that young peoples discretional time is worth a significant amount of attention, partly because it is a potential breeding ground for youth problems, but mainly because it presents endless possibilities for constructive development. It is critical that a positive vision of leisure time activities be put forward and defined, and that time and care be given to specifying how such time should be used and why it should be protected (World offspring Report, 2003).International plans and commitments such as the Dakar Youth potency Strategy offer such a positive vision, fetching a clear stand against severe infringements on young peoples right to free time. Most have their source in the reassure of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, amplifying, reiterating and expanding on the following basic provisions of article 311. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, toengage in play and recreational activities impound to the age ofthe child and to go into freely in heathen life and the arts. 2. Stat es Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child toparticipate fully in ethnic and artistic life and shall encourage theprovision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity (World Youth Report, 2003).Echoing these international commitments, a developing body of researchand a growing choir of advocates and practitionersemphasize the importance of play and recreation for younger children. Leaders in child development have long identified play as critical space for childrens cognitive, identity, and social/emotional development (World Youth Report, 2003). search indicates that the specific types of thinking and problem solving involved in play provide valuable skills for the future. look intoers, therapists, and childcare practitioners have made play a central element of their work with children, with demonstrated impact. While the temper of play may change as (especially Western) young people get olderwith increases i n peer leisure and time spend talking for some and in structured recreational and sports activities for othersit appears to be no less critical to adolescents than to younger children.Though the precise effects are not certain, time spent informally with peers and adults in activities such as talking and playing is likely to result in both stronger social networks and stronger social skills for adulthood (World Youth Report, 2003). The physical exercise and habits associated with sports and recreation, again in concert with the social skills and relationships gained through such activities, constitute an important input to young peoples health. Adolescents play and recreation, though defined differently in cultures around the world, has intrinsic value (World Youth Report, 2003). The shift from a negative view of leisure to a positive vision that emphasizes the value of leisure in its own right is a critical first step towards protecting young peoples right to discretionary time an d to quality leisure activities.This message is important for developing and least developed countries, where economic pressures often propel young people into the labour force at an early age it is equally important for highly industrialized countries concerned about improving academic performance (World Youth Report, 2003).Around the world, the amount of time young people spend in work has decreased, replaced by a larger amount of time in school. In the developing countries, school generally occupies a relatively small amount of young peoples time. In much of Asia, however, the combination of a longer school day, an larger-than-life network of non-school academic enrichment programmes (many geared towards test preparation), and more time dedicated to homework means that up to half of young peoples time is spent in academic pursuits.In developed countries, frustration with educational reform efforts and continued pressure for academic achievement has resulted in an explosion of ac ademic after-school programmes (World Youth Report, 2003). At the heart of this international phenomenon is an important fact young peoples cultivation need notand does not kick at the end of the school day. Their leisure time provides a rich opportunity for teaching and a particularly rich climate in which to help the development of lifelong learners. Pushing for more time on task, many programmes simply replicate the teaching practices used during the school day and shroud them into young peoples leisure time, despite growing evidence that more of the same is both unproductive and developmentally dangerous (World Youth Report, 2003).Research supervised by Deborah Vandell(2003) shows that young people in Thailand who were involved in high-yield arts and cultural activities that had reading, writing and mathematics as the hidden curriculum sooner than the lead curriculum not only performed better on State tests than those enrolled in strict content-drill programmes, but were als o emotionally healthier.This study speaks to a tension that is developing, at least in the United States, challenging the belief that academic outcomes are best bolstered by the application of formal school-derived practices during out-of-school hours (Vandell, 2003). Based on research findings such as these, there is growing recognition that learning during leisure hours cannot appear identical to that inside of schools and, equally important, an increased willingness to describe learning as a primary goal for leisure-time activities. The ideas of serious leisure and leisure education put forward by World Leisure in its aim for Leisure and other documents imply a set of principles, professional standards, practices and pedagogical orientations that are distinct from but complementary to what goes on in formal education settings (World Youth Report, 2003).The model of learning put forward by J. Falk and L. Dierking goes further in specifying the contextual, personal and social fac tors in place when young people participate in learning that is volitional, recreational, and engaged in as a form of self-fulfillment. Falks and Dierkings framework for freechoice learning, developed through investigation focusing by and large on museums, is one of a number of research-and-practice efforts to underscore the unique nature of learning that happens during leisure.Other efforts push even further in defining the specific features of environments that support young peoples leisure-time learning and development (World Youth Report, 2003). International documents including Programming for adolescent health and development report of the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF debate classify on Programming for Adolescent Health and Adolescence A Time That Matters, published by UNICEF, and country documents such as the New Zealand Ministry of Youth Affairs Youth Development Strategy Aeteatoa, published in 2002, present a set of common features of environments that support young peoples developme nt. Research and synthesis by M. McLaughlin, by J.P. Connell, M.A. Gambone and T.J. Smith, by the Forum for Youth Investment, and, most recently, by the National Research Council confirms that there are core principles relevant to learning that goes on during leisure timeprinciples applicable to schools as well but not consistently present within them (World Youth Report, 2003).This set of central principlesin reality, conditions for effective learning and engagement includes, inter alia, the presence of caring relationships, challenge and relevance, choice and voice, high expectations, physical and emotional safety, and experiences of mattering and contribution. This research and practice goes far in validating and clarify the significance of leisure-based learning. Research results indicate that community-based leisure-time settings may actually be more effective than schools in engaging students in learning (World Youth Report, 2003).A study by R. Larson (2002) indicates that yo ung people are only cognitively and emotionally engaged a small amount of the time, even though such engagement is a critical precondition to learning. Importantly, this combination of cognitive and emotional engagement is far more likely to happen in structured, voluntary leisure-time settings than during school. Apparently, the blend of principles that make leisure-based learning what it is offers a powerful model for engagement and achievement.Based on these findings, stating that leisure time provides an opportunity for learning represents a richer and more promising claim than the argument that students should spend more time doing what they do in school. As indicated by the research just described, the how (pedagogy) of learning during leisure is significantly different. The what of learningthe appropriate content for learning that goes on outside school hoursis also different (Larson, 2002).As both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Dakar Youth Empowerment Stra tegy acknowledge, leisure time is critically a space in which young people express themselves creatively, take part in arts and cultural activities, and develop as individuals. Culture, creativity, and identity are central, defining features of the content of learning during leisure time. Research confirms that leisure time is important in helping young people achieve a broad range of positive outcomes, as follows social/emotional development, engagement, vocational development, engagement, civic development, engagement, physical development, and engagement (World Youth Report, 2003). amicable/emotional development and engagement the ability to respond to and cope with both positive and adverse situations, reflect on ones emotions and surroundings, engage in leisure and fun, and sustain caring friendships and relationships with others. Vocational development and engagement acquiring the usable and organizational skills necessary for employment, including an understanding of careers and options and the pathways to follow to reach these goals.Physical development and engagement biological maturation and the evolving ability to act in ways that best ensure current and future physical health for oneself and others. Cognitive development and engagement the ability to gain basic knowledge, to learn in school and other settings, to use critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative and expressive skills, and to conduct independent study. civic development and engagement the growing recognition of ones impact on ones surroundings and responsibility to others, as well as the ability and opportunity to work collaboratively towards a common goal. Leisure is a developmental opportunity and an imperative.Larson argues that adolescence, including leisure time during this period, should be defined and understood as a time of preparation for family life, employment, good citizenship, lifelong learning and personal fulfilment.It also provides an opportunity for the develop ment of communities and societies (World Youth Report, 2003).Young people are more likely to engage fully in learning if the learning environment incorporates structured leisure time activities .Research shows that leisure time has a number of positive outcomes for individuals involved-including the ability toreact and solve divers(prenominal) problems which include emotional and environmental reflection, active relaxation maintaining friendship or relationship with othersacquire needed functional and employment skills growth and physically healthy acquire basic knowledge through education-this includes the development of critical thinking and problem solving skillsbe socially raised and involved / participate fully in civil upbringing (World Youth Report, 2003).Leisure time, therefore, provides an opportunity for personal growth.Larson and Verma (1999) points out that the period of adolescence needs to be understood as a preparation stage for employment ,family and civil life , li felong learning ,personal development , and future achievements . Other studies agree that young people who regularly take part in community programmes achieve better academic and social endeavors young people who do not spend time in extra-corricular activities have 57% more chance of dropping out of school(Eccles et al.,1999,cited in World Youth Report, 2003) (Livazovic, 2011).The study of how leisure improves health and make headway mood which appears in the journal psychoneurotic Medicine Journal of Biobehavioral Medicine. For the study, 1,400 adults reported how often they participated in a variety of leisure activities, including spending time unwinding, see friends or family, going on vacation, going to clubs or religious activities or playing sports. Adults with higher scores indicating the most time spent in different leisure activities had lower blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index and cortisol measurements, all markers of good health. People who spent more time doing diverse leisure activities also reported stronger and more diverse social networks, more feelings of satisfaction and engagement in their lives and lower levels of depression. Those who logged the most leisure time also slept better and exercised more consistently, the authors say.Other studies have examined the link between specific activities, such as exercise, and improved physical and psychological health, but this is the first to show that the accumulation of multiple sources of enjoyable activity benefits health, Matthews said. The study outcomes add to what we know about the connection between body and mind, said Kathy Richards, Ph.D., a registered nurse and prof of health promotion at the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Nursing in Philadelphia (Sutton, 2009).Another study of Schooler C, Mulatu MS(1999) of Section on Socio-Environmental Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, atomic number 101 USA by using data from a representative long itudinal survey, the authors provide strong evidence that complex leisure time activities increase intellectual functioning for workers and nonworkers.Although the effects were relatively moderate, both the present article and its predecessor on the effects of paid work (C. Schooler.Mulatu, Oates. 1999) showed that, even in old age, carrying out complex tasks has a positive effect on intellectual processes. In both cases, signly high levels of intellectual functioning led to high levels of environmental complexity, which in turn raised levels of intellectual functioning, thus providing a pathway contributing to the high correlation of intellectual functioning over a 20-year period in middle and late adulthood.The present findings indicate that even in old age carrying out substantively complex tasks builds the capacity to deal with the intellectual challenges such complex environments provide. (Mulatu, 1999) Leisure activities feel like rain shower during scorching heat. Leisure is the time to be together with your friends and family and to have fun. Devoting some time for leisure helps in staying healthy and achieving a peace of mind. Leisure activities serve as a way of relaxing and as researches have shown recreation on a daily basis reduces stress, sharpen skills improves mental and physical health and improves the quality of life (Jade, 2012).Statement of the ProblemThis study aims to determine the leisure activities and academic performance of International Maritime Employers Council (IMEC) Cadets in University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center during the school year 2012-2013.Specifically, it seeks to provide answers to the following 1. What is the profile of the respondents according to1.1 age1.2 course1.3 year level1.4 first semester grades (2012-2013)?2. What activities do IMEC cadets do during leisure times in terms of the following2.1 board games2.2 physical related activities2.3 watching TV or playing computer games2.4 other activiti es?3. What is the degree of holdfast of the respondents to their chosen leisure activity?4. What is the academic performance of the respondents according to their first semester (2012-2013) grade point middling?5. Is there a significant relationship between the profile, leisure activities and the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activity?5.1 profile5.2 leisure activities5.3 degree of attachment of the respondents to their leisure activity?Statement of the Null HypothesisHo There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activities Ho There is no significant relationship between the degree of attachment of the respondents to their chosen leisure activities and academic performance of the respondentsSignificance of the StudyThis study leisure activities and academic performance of International Maritime Employers Council (IMEC) Cadets will be a significa nt endeavor that will help the IMEC Cadets, IMEC Administrators, Instructors and the future investigator, the researcher, the academe and the university in order to efficiently handle each role.IMEC Cadets. The proposed study serves to IMEC Cadets as their reference in distinguishing whether the leisure activities they are attached are contributing for their better academic performance or not. It will help the cadets to identify the best activities they must choose and prioritize during leisure time. This study will also determine the length of time the cadets must occupy in doing their leisure activities. Lastly, this study will provide solutions to their common problems in relationship with the leisure activities and their academic performance.IMEC Administrators. The proposed study can help the IMEC Administrators to formulate and establish new rules and regulations in relation with the leisure activities.By this study they will come up with more suitable rules that will enhance the students academic performance with regards to the cadets leisure activities. And lastly, the Administrators will become aware of what facilities for leisure activities suit for enhancing the academic performance of the cadets.Instructors .The proposed study will help instructors to have a deeper understanding to the relationship of leisure activities to their student academic performance and become aware of its effects. This will also serve as a guidepost for the teachers on what activities to promote for their students better academic performance. The Academe.The proposed study can be a great help in the academic society to illuminate the significant relationship of leisure and academics. This will become hopefully an important basis for setting standards in the academic world.The University. The proposed study will provide some insights and information on how the university is going to develop new teaching approach and to improve the universitys standards in academic in rela tion with the leisure activities. This study will also encourage them to choose the proper equipment and facilities to improve the IMEC Cadets and the students academic performance.The Researchers. The proposed study will help the researcher to know the present status of the IMEC Cadets in relation with the leisure activities and academic performance. Future Researchers. The proposed study will benefit and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also open in development and improvement of this study.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis section contaiins the well-organized account of the research design, research dependents, research instruments, research procedure s and treatment of data. Research conceptThis study will use the descriptive-correlation survey method of investigation to achieve the results that the researchers required. Descriptive-correlation survey method because this study aims to provide information and data about the relationship between two or more variabl es .The choice of this research design ensures that the study will not result to anything insignificant. Preparations and efforts will come up to a quality and a reliable research output. Research design refers to the plan of action in meeting the objectives of the study. It will involve collecting of data in order to test a hypothesis or find out answers concerning the present status of the subject under study. It is also concerned with conditions of relationship that exist. Research EnvironmentThe researchers will conduct the study in University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center (UC-METC) and on the International Maritime Employers Council (IMEC) institution. University of Cebu has improved from its opening in 1964 which was formerly known as Cebu College of Commerce (CCC) to Cebu Central Colleges in 1972 through the hard work and effort of Atty. Augusto W. Go. The UC-METC is a University of Cebu campus that specializes in training and educating world classseafarers. It is one of the outstanding maritime universities in the Philippines and is accredited by the Det Norske Veritas (DNV).It is positioned near the sea with an 8-hectare area accommodating multiple facilities necessary for the seafarers of the future. The exact address of this well-resourced and well-equipped institution is Alumnos, Mambaling Cebu city Philippines. International Maritime Employers Council was formerly known as International Maritime Employers Committee (IMEC). IMEC commenced activities at the University of Cebu-Maritime Education Center (METC) in the University of Cebu in 2008, by sponsoring an initial 50 cadets .The programme has steadily grown from strength to strength and now has more more than 300 cadets.The IMEC office is located at I-Building, 2nd Floor, Alumnus, Mambaling, Cebu metropolis and the cadets are boarding at UC-METC Dorm 2, Alumnus, Mambaling, Cebu City . Research RespondentsThe respondents of this research study are the International Maritime Emplo yers Council (IMEC) Cadets of University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center (UC-METC) in the school year 2012-2013 who are scholars with full free grant from their respective companies. They are taking Bachelor of erudition Marine Transportation and Bachelor Science in MarineEngineeringcourses. Research InstrumentsThe instruments used in this study are questionnaires that are given to the respondents who are spending their leisure time on different leisure activities and vary first semester (2012-2013) point grade average. The questionnaire contains different questions that will allow the researchers to obtain their required data for the research. The questionnaire also contains the profile of the respondent. The nature of research instrument was researcher made. Research ProcedureThe researchermade instrument will be used in order to gather data about the respondents. The researchers will also ask the full cooperation of the respondents in filling up and answering the researcher-made questionnaires based on their self-assessment. By tabulating and interpreting the data of the respondents show, the researchers will be able to correlative their leisure activity and academic performance.Since leisure activity is one of the major factors that affect the students academic performance, the researchers have decided to conduct a study on leisure activities and academic performance of the students to identify the significant correlation of the respondents leisure activities and academic performance. Gathering of DataThe researchers will start gathering the data by initiating a unique intellectual forum wherein researchers have to argue and agree to whom and where will the study be conducted. The researchers have decided to conduct the study in University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center wherein the respondents are the students from the International Maritime Employers Council taking up Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation and Bachelo r of Science in Marine Engineering.The researchers will seek a written approval from the Maritime Superintendent, Capt. Arnel N. Malaga and from the selected respondents to conduct a study about Leisure Activities and Academic effect of the Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation cadets of International Maritime Employers Council. of University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center.Before the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents, the researchers consulted Mr. Elven B. Lorca to validate the research instrument. After taking up comments and suggestions from the expert validator, the researchers completely revised the research instrument ready for pilot testing. The respondents have been allowed to answer the research questionnaire provided that the researcher is present during the period. The information and data were collected and was able to classify and treated accordingly. Treatment of DataThe data will be gathered and treated accordingly. The profile a nd kinds of leisure activities will be treated with simple percentage. The level of engagement will be dealt by calculating the weighted mean. The significant relationship between variables will be dealt using Chi-square test. After the tabulation, analysis and interpretation of the gathered data , the researchers will summarize the findings, conclusion and recommendation of the study .Definition of TermsThe following are the definitions of reveal terms based on how they are used in this study.Academic Performance.In this study, this is the respondents school academic performance based on their average point grades in the first semester (2012-2013).Degree of Attachment. It is the level of frequency of performing the activity of the respondents. Board Games.This is a kind of activity which the respondents perform on their leisure activity which involves the mental aspects. IMEC CADETS/International Maritime Employers Council Cadets.In this study they are the scholars which are selec ted as the respondents of the study. Leisure Activity. This is where the respondents perform their free time in different ways. Physical Related Activities. This is an activity the respondents perform which involves the physical aspects. Profile. This is the respondents personal background.LIST OF REFERENCESBooksHaecker, Sabine, (2002), The Meanings of LeisureMulatu,Schooler C, MS (1999)Section on Socio-Environmental Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA. Parker, S.,.and Lawrence, L., 2002. Leisure studies trends in theory and research. Eastbourne Leisure Studies Association. Rojek, C., 2005. Leisure theory principles and practice. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Rojek, C., 1995. Decentring leisure rethinking leisure theory. London Sage.JournalsWorld Youth Report (2003) The Global Situation of Young People,Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations,NY,ISBN Sutton, Amy (2009) Psychosomatic Medicine Journal of BiobehavioralMedicine, Health Behavior News Service. Livazovic,Goran( 2011)University of J.J., occasional papers in education and lifelong learning an international journal volume 4. Strosmayer in Osijec, Republic of CroatiaInternet SourcesBabcock, P., Marks, M. (2010). Leisure college, USA.Retrieved from http// www.econ.ucsb.edu/papers/wp02-10.pdfChan, J. B., May, D. T. (1999). The impact of leisure options on the frequency and spontaneous communication production of a young child with multiple disabilities. Retrieved from http//contents.bjdd.net/Iss88/88-3.PDFKraus, R. (2000). Basic concepts of play, leisure, and recreation. Retrieved from http// www.courseweb.uottawa.ca/lsr3515/PDF/lecture5.pdf Moksnes, U. K., Moljord, I. E. O., Espnes, G. A., Byrne, D. G. (2009). Leisure time physical activity does not moderate the relationship between stress and psychological functioning in Norwegian adolescents. Retrieved from http//ntnu.diva-portal.org/ thrive/get/diva2408593/FULLTEXT02Nonis, S. A., Hudson, G. I. (20 06). Academic performance of collegestudents Influence of time spent studying and working.Retrieved from http// www.fatih.edu.tr//study/Sirakoulis, K., Deffner, A. (2002). Urban youth leisure, time use research and quality of life The comparison of leisure preferences of university students in athens and larissa, Greece. Retrieved from http//www-sre.wu- wien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa06/papers/916.pdfWu, H. C., Liu A., Wang C. H. (2001). Taiwanese university students perceived freedom and participation in leisure.Retrieved from http// www.ntcu.edu.tw/hcwu/51/47.pdfAPPENDICESAppendixALetter to the RespondentsFebruary 14, 2013Dear RespondentsWe, a concourse of students of University of Cebu Maritime Education and Training Center, will be conducting a study entitled, Leisure Activities and Academic Performance of International Maritime Employers Council Cadets of University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center. In this regard, we would like to request for your cooperation in answering this questionnaire, rest assured that we will treat all responses provided with utmost confidentiality.CURRICULUM VITAEA. PERSONAL DATAName Caleb L. Geverola grow 18Civil Status SingleHome Address Cansuje, Argao, CebuCity Address Dorm 2 UC-METC AlumnosMambaling Cebu cityDate of experience January 13, 1995Place of Birth Cansuje, Argao, CebuNationality FilipinoB. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT YEAR ATTENDEDPrimary Nug-as Elementary School 2001-2007Secondary Calagasan Natl High School 2007-2011 Tertiary University of Cebu-METC 2011-2015

Coca Colas Strategic Choices

Coca Colas Strategic ChoicesStrategic choices are concerned with decisions about an organisations future and the way in which it has to resolve to the myriad of pressures and influences as a result of its immediate and macro environment. To this end there are three basic choices to be made as shown downstairs.Methods for move strategiesThe choices about how strategies are to be pursued system directionsThe choices of products and foodstuffs available to an organisationBases of competitive StrategyThe choices as to how an organisation positions itself in relation to competitorsBases of competitive Strategy directions Methods for engageStrategy strategiesSource Adapted from Johnson, Scholes and Whittington exploring corporate strategy 2008 pp217.Bases of competitive strategyThis area has to do with how Coca-Cola has positi geniusd itself in relation to its competitors. The Coca-Cola attach to competes in the non-alcoholic beverages atom of the commercial beverages industry. The non-alcoholic beverages segment of the commercial beverages industry is highly competitive, consisting of numerous firms. These include firms that, like Coca-Cola, compete in multiple geographic areas, as well as firms that are primarily regional or topical anaesthetic in operation. Competitive products include numerous non-alcoholic sparkling beverages various water products, including packaged, flavoured and enhanced waters juices and nectars takings drinks and dilutables (including syrups and powdered drinks) coffees and teas energy and sports and other performance-enhancing drinks dairy-based drinks functional beverages and various other non-alcoholic beverages. These competitive beverages are sold to consumers in both ready-to-drink and other than ready-to-drink form. In many of the countries in which Coca-Cola does business, including the United States, PepsiCo. Inc. is one of its primary competitors. Other signifi orduret competitors include, Nestle, Dr Pepper Snapple Group , Inc., Groupe Danone, Kraft Foods Inc, and Unilever etc. In certain markets, its competition includes beer companies. Coca-Cola also competes against numerous regional and local firms and, in some markets, against retailers that have developed their own store or private label beverage brands.The strategy time competitive strategy options nobleDifferentiation24Hybrid5Focussed differentiation3Perceived Product/ Service2Low price671No frillsStrategies destined for failure8LowHighLowPriceSource Adapted from Johnson, Scholes and Wittington exploring corporate strategy. 2008 pp 225The strategy clock above represents different positions in a market where customers or potential customers have different requirement in scathe of value for money. Coca-Cola has therefore interpreted the strategy option of hybrid, in which case it maintains its price but tries to differentiate itself from competitors. The Company has had a mix of pricing, advertising, sales promotion programs, product innovat ion, increased faculty in production techniques, the introduction of new packaging, new vending and dispensing equipment, and brand and trademark development and protection. In this regard Coca-Cola has increased its annual marketing compute substantially, launched many new products, and developed a model to help its retail customers maximize their sales while it continue to plan for the future. The risk of this choice is that one could lose market fortune due to its low prices but then it can be tackled through economies of scale where the company produces in large quantities to c everyplace up cost and tries to penetrate different geographies as is the case of Coca-Cola. This choice has actually proved beneficial to Coca-Cola even though its market share has not vainglorious tremendously as one would think over the last ten years but it definitely has a much higher market share than its competitors, especially Pepsi Co. This has been possible for Coca-Cola due to its recognise d brand name and strong presence in so many geographies including Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and the peaceful spanning across 200 countries.Strategy directionThis has to do with the scope of a company in terms of its products. Over the last few years Coca-Cola has introduced a megabucks of products to its portfolio, including the recent Coca-Cola zero, which sold more than 600 million cases globally. Today Coca-Cola does not only deal in non-alcoholic soft drinks, but it also makes a lot of juices and juice drinks, still and carbonated products. As a matter of fact Coca-Cola has more than 3,300 products in more than 200 countries. In general one can rightly say that Coca-Cola has gone into diversification since it has not only shifted from soft drink to juices and even energy drinks but has also ventured and penetrated larger market over the years. Diversification is simply a strategy that takes the organisation away from both its following market and its existing products. We have therefore used the Ansoff matrix below to identify the strategy direction which Coca-Cola is taking Box D, which is diversification. The Ansoff matrix provides a simplified way of generating four basic alternative directions for strategic development.Strategic directions (Ansoff matrix)Products living stark nakedA BMarket penetration Product developmentConsolidationC DMarket development DiversificationExistingMarketsNewSource Adapted from Johnson, Scholes and Wittington exploring corporate strategy. 2008 pp258Diversification happened to be a good strategic option for Coca-Cola as it helped the Company to break new grounds in business. For typesetters case a new product like the Coca-Cola zero did so well in terms of sales. This therefore impacted positively on the companys market share. Again shifting from soft drinks to energy and sports drinks also gave Coca-Cola an opportunity of a larger market share.However diversification can be capital intense as not all organisations will be able to cope with the finances involved since a lot of finances will be needed to go into research and development for the new product. For instance Pepsi-cola once came up with a new product called Meca cola but it wasnsuccessful and the product was withdrawn afterwards on. Surely there will be a lot of laboratory works and feasibility studies to go with a new product and this will equally require skilled people getting involved and consequently hiring more employees so if the organisation does not have enough finances it may not be able to cope. Again the organisation which decides to diversify will put in place an adequate amount of public awareness in terms of advertisements and trainings. This may involve using news papers, television, internet etc. All these can be very enormous so diversification requires careful planning.Methods for pursuing strategiesMost of Coca-Cola products are manufactured and sold by its bottling partners. The Company typically sell concentrates and syrups to its bottling partners, who convert them into finished packaged products which they sell to distributors and other customers. Separate contracts (Bottlers Agreements) exist between the Company and each of its bottling partners regarding the manufacture and sale of Company products. Subject to specified terms and conditions and certain variations, the Bottlers Agreements generally authorize the bottlers to prepare specified Company Trademark Beverages, to package the same in authorized containers, and to distribute and sell the same in (but, subject to applicable local law, generally only in) an set territory. The bottler is obligated to purchase its entire requirementof concentrates or syrups for the designated Company Trademark Beverages from the Company or Company-authorized suppliers. Coca-Cola agrees to refrain from selling or distributing, or from authorizing third parties to sell or distribute, the designated Company Trademark Beverage s throughout the identified territory in the particular authorized containers.The Coca-Cola Company has created and achieved a strategic lock-in such that it has achieved dominance in the industry. For instance many people will think of Coke once they think of using or taking a soft drink.

Is Globalisation A Threat Or Opportunity Economics Essay

Is Globalisation A Threat Or Opportunity Economics EssayThe term globalisation is a lot used however hardly ever defined. It refers to the rapid enhance in the share of monetary movement taking place across state limits. This goes just than just the international treat in goods and comp deck outs the way those goods are produced, the delivery and sale of serve, and the movement of resources. Globalisation is the result of a number of interrelated developments unneurotic withThe increase and relative consequence of foreign direct investment and multinational enterprisesThe internationalisation of financial martsThe ongoing growth of communication and transport technologyderegulation and liberalisationPrivatisation of public sector service(TSSA)This report includes about Globalisation and its impacts to consumers and also the benefits that both organisations and employees could take chance of it.Defining GlobalisationGlobalisation is the appendage by which the world is becoming i ncreasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased throw and cultural exchange. The global delivery is the railcar that powers globalisation. This concept has been taking place for hundred of years, solely has speeded up rapidly over the last decade. The factors that influence globalisation include the fol clinical depressioning.Communication Technological products and services such as TV, Telephone and Internet obligate allowed information to travel so rapidly. An Australian occupancy can have a call center on in Sri Lanka answering calls from Australian customers (BBC).Transport This has become cheaper and people travel more than earlier days since the development of the transport industry such as Rail Transport, Air Transport and Sea Transport. The mode of transport has become more convenient than never before with the improvement of technology since customers can act their travel needs staying at their home and the services are delivered to their door step. Bu sinesses can ship products and raw materials all over the world more intimately making products and services from all over the globe available to their local customers (BBC). address Liberalisation Laws restricting trade and foreign investment have been relaxed. some(prenominal) commandments even offer grants and tax incentives to convince foreign companies to invest in their country (BBC).When globalisation comes into existence there are two main policies that govern the process of globalisation, which is Privatisation and Deregulation.Privatisation is all about putting the government out of the business. Which means the free market will take control of the business which is managed by a private sector organisation. When the government is incompetent to run the economy they will let the free market to run it which will benefit the public. At this pointedness governments will sell their publicly owned business and assets to multinationals (MNCs) which are controlled and finance d by public shareholders.In a country deregulation will take several(prenominal) forms. Government in a country would take off the trade restrictions and easing of government regulation in business will allow the business to run more efficiently. Therefore the best business will survive the competition to give the consumers a better standard of accompaniment.Dimensions of Globalisation coverTrade is the tell apart ingredient that receives more attention of globalisation. Trade liberalisation would minimise the formal trade barriers through the process of WTO and other regional bilateral agreements. Trade liberalisation receives much public inspection since it engages direct policy decisions by national government to reduce trade barriers. It involves legislation and concessions with other governments. Thus trade liberalisation is primary(prenominal) to many countries economic in sophisticated times. Many successive governments have delivered on commitments to reduce trade barrie rs (Harcourt, 2001).InvestmentThere is slight public debate about the role of investment despite the capacity of the capital which outstrips trade flows in this aspect of globalisation relative to trade. One of the basis behind this would be there are formal regulations of investment made by governments on an international scale equally there are trade regulations in the WTO. However the opening of the home(prenominal) economies to FDI is an important part of modern globalisation (Harcourt, 2001).3.3 Organisational ChangeThis dimension of globalisation related to organisational change in the bodied sector. Exploring trade and investment flows between countries may provide some suggestion to international economic integration but it may fail to spot key important developments of corporate restructure and firm behaviour that may have major affects. There have been intact changes in many organisations in price of the nature of the firm due to globalisation of the production and di stribution process. Today firms are part of global supply changes with extensive global networking which has led modern world management strategies such as outsourcing (Harcourt, 2001). According to Eslake (2000),For both corporations and governments, the drive to lower costs has in turn spawned a variety of management strategies such as outsourcing non- core activities to outside specialists, striving for economies of scale by acquiring and consolidating the operations of other businesses producing similar or compatible products, and shifting activities to locations where the most important inputs (such as labour or energy) may be obtained on the most favourable terms. For each of these strategies, reaching across national borders is a distinctly practical outcome.Corporate strategy might occur within in a nation where as in some instances it may not. Nevertheless, exporters and affiliates of international firms are very much the first to implement organisational change within a country. Exporters tend to adapt international business practices much earlier than the domestic firm in the domestic market do will be a special characteristic. Therefore, practices like out-sourcing, benchmarking, business networking and contracting out are more likely to be enounce in the exporting sector of the economy (Harcourt, 2001).Is Globalisation a Threat or Opportunity?Globalisation has the potential to create wealth and enhance living standards. The benefits are obvious for countries which comprised with products, skills and resources in order to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the global markets. Furthermore there are some major downsides particularly for those countries that dont hand into to this category (TSSA).In general globalisation is recognised as having increased the gap between the rich and poor. This is largely because of the policies that drive the globalisation processes have in the main focussed on the needs of the business. Moreover thi s concept has significant social and political implications which have brought the threat of elimination for large section of the worlds population creating unemployment, ripening wage and income disparities. This concept globalisation which we all concern about has also made it difficult to deal with economic policies just as prominently in corporate behaviour which is purely within a nation (TSSA).Over the past years industrialised countries which are highly paid have seen their income rise much more faster than the average developing families in third world nations are dependent on insecure such as low paid jobs and less social benefits. Trade Liberalisation of trade which means and to reduce regulation including legal protection of workers has put on a forbid impact on the lives of millions of people around the world. Several poor countries such as Sri Lanka are have been encouraged to enhance the production for exports and compelled to reduce hapless spending on public servi ces so that it will benefit the nation to repay their foreign depts. Consequently this has forced many people good in to a life of poverty and uncertainty (TSSA).Pros and Cons of GlobalisationPositiveThe utmost benefit that most of the developed countries get from globalisation is the availability of greater range of cheap goods to buy.Globalisation opens people to be alive to other cultures and all their creativity and to the flow of thoughts and ethics.Information and communication technologies have eased fundamental interaction among countries and peoples.Globalization has eased international trade and commerce, facilitated foreign investment and the flow of capital.Globalization has freed labour across boundaries.Globalization has set new rules that are integration global markets.(Nsibambi, 2001)NegativeAs cultures interact, some cultures are organism diluted and/or destroyed at the expense of others and negative values are being spread all over the world with relative ease.The world is now divided between the connected, who know and who have a monopoly on almost everything, and the isolated, who do not know and who practically have nothing.Globalization has encouraged illicit trade in drugs, prostitution, pornography, human smuggling, dumping of dangerous waste and depletion of the environment by unscrupulous entrepreneurs.Globalization has facilitated the brain drain in developing countries, thus reducing further their human capacity.Globalization has set new global rules that have further marginalized poor countries and people, especially in areas of trade.(Nsibambi, 2001)ConclusionIn order to sustainably serve the humanity there would be a different global economy that works in the real world. It is inevitable that the pain destruction caused by the global economy has affected the consumers in the poor countries at large but this how the global economy is designed. Employment deprivation, social breakdowns, and high personal stress levels are not a su bstance to mathematically calculated profit margins in todays business arena. The people of a nation as humans care about well being of their environment and society in which they belongs to. Most of the MNCs do not have such national sentiments to put in to practice as they would look ahead to give the world for a dominant market share and presently their concern is merely just doing what they want.

Concepts and Research into Green Networking

Concepts and Research into Green NetworkingGreen NetworkingAbstractSaving of excessive faculty consumption is becoming a key concern in profiting, because of theprobable economical benefits. These concerns, usually argued to as chiliad networking, relate to inserting energy-awareness in the strategy, in the devicesand in the protocols of networks. In this work, I first spirt a more precise definition of the green attribute. I further more classify a few standards that are key enablers of energy-aware networking research. I whence overview the up-to-date state of the art and offer a catalog of the relevant work, with a superior focus on networking.IntroductionRecent studies shows that Information technology and communication advances are responsible for signifi mountaint amount of world electric power consumptions which ranges from 2% to 10%, that is one of the contributing factor for global warming, via gases deprivation from greenhouse and from the growth of demand of interne t applications and services. Therefore, for these reasons energy efficient and sustainable networking often called Green Networking, has become a hot issue in the shoemakers last few years.Definition Green Networking is the practice of selecting energy-efficient networking technologies and products, and minimizing resources use whenever possible. 1All facets of Information Technology and Communication are under supervision, from energy-saving design of all networking devices, to strategies which reflect the wide-cut networks energy depletion in the planning, design, implementation and management points, to new approach for long- counting sustainability of the networking which covers reformed attitudes of users as well as smart energy mowing techniques.This special concern on Green Networking intentions at providing revolutionary influences to the research and development of energy-efficient networking solutions and approaches for network sustainability.Motivation for research and reviewThere are numerous complexities in network, unnecessary traffic congestion, and more power wastages receivable to unnecessary idling of node at the current situation of networking.Therefore, I have utilise one research paper published on the subject and examining the viewpoints to the matter.To the paper, I have added an analysis section where I reflect on the paper value, and talk of important points listed in the paper on the subject.Green Networking With Packet Processing Engines Modeling and OptimizationPublished on14th February, 2013. IEEE figurer SocietyAuthors Raffaele Bolla, RobertoBruschi, Aless(prenominal)andro Carrega, and Franco DavoliWith the refinement of monitoring power consumption in metro/transport and main networks, the paper reflects energy-aware devices capable to shrink their energy chucks by adjusting their performance. In specific, the paper focuses on state-of-the-art packet processing engines, which normally characterize the most energy-consumin g apparatuses of network devices, and that are often collected of a number of parallel pipelines to divide and set aside the received traffic load. The paper talk about determination to control both the power structure of pipelines and the way to issue traffic flows among them. The authors proposed an analytical computer simulation to precisely represent the impact of green network technologies (i.e., low power furious and adaptive rate) on network-aware and energy-aware performance indexes. The model has been confirmed with experimental consequences, naturalized by using energy-aware software routers loaded by real-world traffic traces. The attained outcomes determine how the projected model can successfully epitomize energy-aware and network-aware presentation indexes. The method goals at dynamically adjusting the energy-aware device structure to lessen energy consumption whereas handling with received traffic signals and gathering network performance limitations. In format to genuinely comprehend the impact of such policy, a number of experiments have been executed by using experimental data from software router designs and real-world traffic traces. abbreviationIn this paper, the authors considered energy-aware network devices (e.g., routers, switches, etc.) able to trade their energy consumption for packet forwarding performance by means of both low power idle and adaptive rate schemes. The proposed analytical model is able to capture the impact of power management capabilities on network performance metrics. The analytical framework considers stochastic incoming traffic at the packet level with Long Range Dependency (LRD) properties. On the basis of the analytical model, authors have chosen the parameters characterizing the joint utilization of Adaptive Rate(AR) and Low Power Idle(LPI) energy-aware capabilities by optimizing the desired tradeoff between energy consumption and Quality of expediency(QoS) while at the same time enforcing the propi tiation of given upper bounds on both. Since the performance and cost indicators used in the optimization depend on incoming traffic volumes and statistical features (notably, ruin inter-arrival time and average burst length), researchers repeat the optimization periodically under updated estimations of these quantities. The modeling and control framework has been validated experimentally by using a Linux-based open software router with AR and LPI primitives under traffic generated by real-world traces the results demonstrate how the proposed model can effectively represent energy-aware and network-aware performance indexes. Therefore proposed model, is efficient and addressing green networking maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) in the network.Green StrategiesTraditionally, networking systems are designed and dimensioned according to principles that are inherently in opposition with green networking objectives namely, over-provisioning and redundancy. On the former(a) hand, d ue to the lack of Quality of Service (QoS) provision from the Internet architecture, over-provisioning is a common practice networks are dimensioned to sustain peak hour traffic, with extra capacity to impart for unexpected happenings. As a result, through low traffic periods, over-provisioned networks are similarly over-energy-consuming. Furthermore, on behalf of resiliency and fault-tolerance, networks are also deliberate in a redundant manner. Devices are added to the structure with the sole purpose of taking over the duty when another device fails, which further adds to the overall energy ingesting. These objectives, drastically different to the environmental ones, make green networking an interesting, and technically challenging, research arena. A major change is indeed needed in networking research and development to introduce energy-awareness in the network design, deprived of compromising either the Quality of Service (QoS) or the network consistency. This section illustr ates a few key paradigms that the network infrastructure can exploit to r for each one the green objectives formalized above. We individuate three classes of solution, namely resource consolidation, virtualization andselective connectedness2. These three categories represent three research directions, which whitethorn find further detailed applications in device and protocol design.Resource consolidation regroups all the dimensioning strategies to reduce the global consumption due to devices underutilized at a given time. Given that the traffic level in a given network approximately follows a well-known daily and weekly behaviour 3, there is an opportunity to adapt the level of active over-provisioning to the current network conditions. In other words, the required level of performance go out still be guaranteed, but using an amount of resources that is dimensioned for current network traffic demand rather than for the peak demand. This can, for warning, be achieved by shutting d own some mildly loaded routers and rerouting the traffic on a smaller number of active network equipment. Resource consolidation is already a popular approach in other fields, in particular data centers and CPU.Virtualization regroups a set of mechanisms allowing more than one service to operate on the same section of hardware, hence polish the hardware operation. It results in a lowered energy consumption, as long as a single machine under high load consumes less than several lightly loaded ones, which is generally the case. Virtualization can be applied to multiple kinds of resources, comprising network links, storage hardware, software resources, etc. A typical example of virtualization consists in sharing servers in data centers, thus cut back hardware costs, improving energy management and reducing energy and cooling costs, ultimately reducing data center carbon footprint. In the current context, virtualization has already been deployed with success e.g., the US Postal Servi ce has virtualized 791 of its 895 physical servers 4. As virtualization is a more mount research field, we refer the interested reader to 5 for a detailed survey of virtualization techniques from a computer architecture perspective, and to 6 for a networking perspective. At the same time, it should be off the beaten track(predicate)-famed that a virtualization solution designed explicitly to reduce network energy consumption has yet to appear.Applying the same base concept, selective connectedness of devices, as draw in 7, 8, consists in distributed mechanisms allowing single pieces of equipment to go idle for some time, as clearly as probable for the rest of the networked devices. If the consolidation principle relates to resources that are divided up within the network infrastructure, selective connectedness allows instead to turn off unused resources at the edge of the network. For instance, edge nodes can go idle in order to avoid supporting network connectivity tasks (e.g., periodically sending heartbeats, receiving unnecessary broadcast traffic, etc.). These tasks may have to be taken over by other nodes, such as proxies, momentarily faking identity of sluggish devices, so that no essentialmodification is required in network protocolsConclusionThis article surveyed the efforts that the research community has been expenditure in the attempt to reduce the energy waste in fixed networks, which are usually denoted as green networking. I presented the importance of the issue, its definition and mainstream paradigms, and proposed a taxonomy of the relevant related work. Examining the state of the art, we observe that a few techniques are emerging, which can be roughly categorized as (i) resource consolidation, (ii) virtualization (iii) selective connectedness. It also emerges from my analysis that despite the relative youth of the green networking field, research in some of the above areas is already mature, with advanced standardization efforts and proto typing results.Finally, as the ultimate goal of networking is to provide services to end-users, the quality of such services and of the user experience is a topic that spans over all the previous branches. Indeed, while energy capability is becoming a primary issue, it shall never be neglected that the energy gain must not come at the price of a network performance loss. This delicate tradeoff arises from antonym principles indeed, while networked systems have traditionally be designed and dimensioned according to principles such as overprovisioning and redundancy, green networking approaches praise opposite practices such as resource-consolidation and selective-connectedness. The challenge lays in this case in applying the latter principles in a way that is as transparent as possible to the user in other words, avoiding that resource consolidation translates into congestion, or that selective connectedness translates into unreachability. While the first wave of green studies foc used more on the realizable energy gain, we rely that a systematic evaluation of networking performance from the user-perspective should be undertaken as well. Indeed, in all branches interesting questions remain, which deserve precise quantitative answers Finally, we believe that while, for the time being, techniques of different branches have been studied in isolation, future research should address the combined impact of different techniques as well. Indeed, even though each of the above techniques alone do not constitute serious threats for the QoS perceived by the end-user, however it is not guaranteed that the joint use of several technique will not raise unexpected behaviour. Due to the current rise in green networking research and attention, it cannot be excluded that, in a near future, users will run Energy Aware Applications, in a home equipped with a green set-top-box implementing Interface Proxying functionalities, and will access the Internet through an Internet Servi ce Provider implementing Energy Aware Routing in devices interconnected by Adaptive Link Rate lines which opens a number of interesting questions that are so far all unexplored.References1 Discussion Definition of green networking,http//searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/green-networking2 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,http//ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_4/9_September2014/V4I9-0353.pdf3 A. Qureshi, R. Weber, H. Balakrishnan, J. Guttag, and B. Maggs, stark naked the Electric Bill for Internet-Scale Systems, in Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM 2009), (Barcelona, Spain), Aug. 2009.4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star Program, Report to social intercourse on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109-431, Tech. Rep. , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Aug. 2007.5 S. Nanda and T.-C. Chiueh, A Survey on Virtualization Technologies, Tech. Rep. TR179, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Stony Brook, 2005.6 N. M. Kabir Chowdhury and R. Boutaba, A Survey of Network Virtualization, Tech. Rep. CS-2008-25, University of Waterloo, Oct.2008.7 K. Christensen, C. Gunaratne, B. Nordman, and A. D. George, The Next Frontier for Communications Networks Power Management,Computer Communications, vol. 27, pp. 17581770, Dec. 2004.8 M. Allman, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, and V. Paxson, Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Through selectively Connected End Systems, in Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-VI), (Atlanta, Georgia, USA), Nov. 2007.

Essay --

CHAPTER TWO2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, LIFE CYCLE OF TRYPANOSOME2.1. Cell Structure of TrypanosomeTrypanosomes are unicellular protozoan having a single flagellum that contains microtubules in the 9+2 arrangement typical of other flagella. At the base of the flagellum, the kinetoplast is found which contains DNA in the form of about 6000 connected circles. The kinetoplast DNA is 10% of the core cellular DNA where the action of some anti-trypanosome drugs occurs such as ethidium. The kinetoplast is part of the single long mitochondrion which undergoes structural changes during various stages of life cycle. The surface of the bloodstream form trypanosome contains a dense coat of variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) which is replaced by an equally dense coat of procyclins when the parasite segregate into the procylic form in the tzetze fly midgut (Ogbadoyi et al., 2000).Trypanosome brucie a flagellated protozoan, is the causative parasite of the infectious indisposition kn own as African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) in African, while in America, Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas indisposition which is prevalent to human and animal, both are fatal when left untreated (Brun et al., 2010 Carlier et al.,2003 Pereira et al., 2011).African trypanosomiasis is the prominent causes of death in the 36 countries of sub-Saharan African at about 70,000 deaths yearly (Barrett et al., 2003 Keith, 2005). There are two subspecies of trypanosoma brucei that causes sleeping sickness to human which are Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense while African animal trypanosomiasis or nagana disease is caused by T. congolense, T. vivax and Trypanosoma brucei brucei . Trypanosoma brucei brucei is not infective to ... ...vade immune response) that occur in trypanosome. Thus, persistent infection in the host results to continuity in cycle of trypanosome replication, immune complex development, and changing surface coat glycoprotein (Taylor and Authie, 2004 Sinshaw et al., 2006).The clinical signs of AAT are an intermittent fever, signs of anemia, lymphadenopathy, anaemia, anorexia, dullness, inactivation, depression, loss of milk and meat production, and death in un-treated cases and weight loss. In the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis, immunosuppression is the most main(prenominal) and complicating factor caused by trypanosomes to their host. It is difficult to conclude which clinical signs are owing to a given parasite and only few studies have been made in this aspect to identify a specified sign to particular trypanosomes (Murray and Dexter, 1988 Garner et al., 2003).

Cold War Essay -- essays research papers

What was the Cold War and what events caused it?Cold War is the term used to describe the intense rivalry that develop after World War II between groups of Communist and non-Communist nations. On one side were the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) and its communist allies that referred to as the Eastern bloc. On the other side were the United Staes and its democratic allies, usually referred to as the Western bloc. Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion, and misunderstandings by some(prenominal) the United States and the Soviet Union, and their allies. The United States accused the Soviet Union of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The Soviets charged the United States with practicing imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activeness in other countries. Each blocs vision of the world also contributed to East-West tension. The United States wanted a world of independent nations based on democratic principles. The Soviet Union attempted to control areas it considered vital to its national interest, including much of Eastern Europe.The Yalta Conference is often cited as the beginning of the Cold War. During the septette days of February 4 11, 1945, the Big Three Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin met in Crimea at the Lavidia Palace on the Black Sea. The main purpose of Yalta was the re-establishement of the nationas conquered and destroyed Germany. Poland was given back it...