The Chicano Movement A Unique, Dramatic, And...

In the 1960’s the Chicano community undertook a unique, dramatic, and multifaceted social struggle of affirmation. This historic phase became more and more varied and complex then previous struggles (Maciel, 2010). Mexican Americans took movement, defined and took pride in their own identity, asserted their civil rights, worked toward self-determination by improving their financial, social, and political circumstances. â€Å"Similar to other movements of this period promoting civil rights, the Chicano movement made society aware of the injustices suffered by Mexican Americans in the United States and spurred social change†(Ramirez, 2011). â€Å"The Chicano movement, also known by Chicanos as El Movimiento, was a cultural and political movement that raised awareness of the history of Mexicans and/or Chicanos in North America. The origin of the term â€Å"Chicano† is not known, and its definition varies, yet it has been proudly reclaimed by Americans of Mexican ancestry to emphasize their descent from colonial projects. The movement has been analyzed in three parts: the struggle for restoration of land grants, the appeal for Mexican American farmworkers’ rights, and the dema nd for equal access to empowerment via education and politics†(Ramirez, 2011). A group of Mexican Americans attempted to reclaim federal land during the 1960’s in the United States. Mexican Americans based their actions on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Which was signed in 1843 by the United States and Mexico to end the

A System of Failure Essay - 2247 Words

In 1938, the brainchild of writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster first appeared in Action Comics. Deemed Superman, the mythical hero was dedicated to fight for social justice and overthrow tyranny. Soon after, his iconic flashy red cape and tight blue bodysuit graced the shelves of comic shops as he flew straight into the hearts and minds of fellow Americans faster than a speeding bullet. In spite of being a very foreign immigrant, Superman has long been portrayed as a loyal patriot fighting for truth, justice and the American way. Through the years however, the meaning of â€Å"American way† has become increasingly complex not only in superhero comics but in modern society as well. The unfolding scenarios of the storylines often take on†¦show more content†¦For a nation that proudly acknowledged that no child shall be left behind, it is perplexing that the actions of the American public school system suggest otherwise. The 2010 documentary Waiting for Superman r eveals an impassioned and insightful feature into the lives of five academically ambitious children and their efforts to gain a coveted spot in a charter school. Waiting for Superman asserts that our nation’s future is contingent upon quality instructors and that the over-protection of bad teachers by powerful teachers’ unions essentially ensures mediocrity, in both students and teachers alike. The plot of Waiting for Superman vividly weaves together a memorable tale of five economically disadvantaged children who are desperate to escape the failing public school system. With more than 1.2 million students dropping out of school every year, the film depicts public education as a failed enterprise (â€Å"Statistics on American†, n.d.). However, admission into charter schools is subject to winning a random lottery where the odds are heavily piled against their favor. Director Davis Guggenheim masterfully familiarizes the viewers with each pint sized protagonist and their story to highlight the various aspects of our deteriorating school system. From the heart of the Bronx to East Los Angeles, the film produces a heartbreaking tapestry of five students of various ages, gender, race, andShow MoreRelatedComputer System Failure1940 Words   |  8 Pagesthat can be gained by companies through outsourcing information technology with reduced time management. Therefore, all work is done by computer the management time can be reduced. The time savings can be developed in the management because computer system easier, faster and accurate. Term of find the information can available with easier through the computer with internet connection exists. 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Fair Work Commission

Question: Discuss about the Fair Work Commission. Answer: Introduction Fair Work Commission of Australia has commenced its first operation on 1st July 2009 and started it operations in 1st January 2010. Fair Work Commission of Australia is solely entitled to look after working issues within organization. It helps in providing all kind of facilities to the employees. Organization of Australia has understood that employees are the key stakeholder of the organization and in order to sustain the position of the in the global competitive market, it is necessary for the management of the organization to focus on demand of employees. Fair work Commission is the national workplace relations tribunal (Bray, Stewart, 2013). It is mainly an independent body focusing on rights of the employees. There are mainly two types of Fair Work Australian Members and those are Primary Fair Works Australian Members and Minimum Wage Panel Members Primary Fair Works Australian Members included Deputy President and Presidents, who are appointed for full time until the age of 65. On the other hand, Minimum Wage Panel Members are appointed only for five years or on part time basis. President is known as the head of Fair Work Commission and current president of Fair Work Commission is known as Justice (Guidice, J. The Evolution of an Institution: The Transition from the Australian Industrial Relations Commission to Fair Work Australia 2011). The Minimum Wage Panel by law Panel individuals are just required with the base wage?setting capacity of Fair Work Australia. Other Fair Work Australia individuals are included in the expansive scope of work. Main Body Why is this question being asked? By the law of the constitution, it is to be known to workers that he or she can directly make a complaint to the Fair work commission against the workplace or to the management authority if he or she has been bullied. The main role of the Fair Work Commission is to stop the bullying over any employee. Bullying at work happens when a single employee or an association of workers, again and again, react unreasonably towards any particular employee and also when the reactions become a threat to his or her regarding health and security. The behavior of bullying includes different categories like, aggressive or frightening conduct, criticized or embarrassing comments, spreading nasty rumors against any employee (Waring, et al, 2006), start teasing or creating practical jokes against any employee, elimination of the events regarding work related, giving an unexpected work type like either giving a too much workload on any particular employee or do not giving even any workload on any employe e. Giving such a work, which is below the skill levels than the present employee (MacDermott, Riley, 2011),demonstrate annoying perceptible, doing misbehaves and continuously giving a mental pressure on any particular employee and also giving an unnecessary workload. How does the Fair Work Commission make Agreements? The fair work commission monitoring and reviews the full agreement of the enterprise agreements and also provide them the necessary work information. A collective arrangement made at the level of the venture between two entity - employers and employee are known as enterprise agreement. The routine of the fair work commission is to appraise and accept the agreement (Forsyth, Stewart, (Eds.). (2009). They have to also accord the terms and conditions of the agreement which has done between the employers and the employee. In the presence of the representatives on the behalf of both employees and employers, either one or two employers between more employees, an agreement has made which is done by an enterprise agreement. Again in the case of Greenfields agreement, an agreement has made between the negotiations of an employer with two or more relevant workers of the company (Smith, 2011). The pay rate of an employee should be a fixed in minimum and also in the modern world, the rate shoul d be same for all employees those belong to the same level. In the agreement of an enterprise should include the points such as, the pay rate of an employee, the environment of employment like working hours, the breaking time of meal etc. Deductions of earning money from the behalf of the organization How does the Fair Work Commission Approve Agreements? After completing the dealing, it is the time to approve the agreement. Before the full agreement, there is one pre-approval process, which has described step by step, given below To approve the agreement, from the side of employers should be taken some justified steps, and after that, they should ensure the agreement. The first one is, they have to clarify first the steps taken by the employees and the benefits getting from it as an employer's point of view. The next one is the explanation of the agreement. The account of the agreement should be justified for all level of the employee like a young one and for the old one also (Acton, 2011). Apart from this, the agreement should maintain a balance between all kind of cultures and societies since in many cases employees come from different regions also. After that, a voting process will be made on the proposed agreement, and the votes are given by the employees, employed in different sections of an organization. The workers must catch all the necessary steps within the 7days of voting. A successful advantageous voting should be satisfied Single-enterprise agreement - consists the vote of each employer. Multi-enterprise agreement - numbers of employees and at least an employer must be agreed with it. Greenfields agreement - here the agreement is made between the employer and the relevant employees (Stewart, et al, 2014). What are the steps that are involved in the making and approving of agreements? After the pre-approval steps, an application is sent to the commission for the final approval. After making an enterprise agreement, a dealing representative must be applied to the commission on the behalf of the agreement for the approval of the agreement. Within the fourteen days, an application must be lodged with the commission. The application should be associated with a signed copy of the proposed agreement, and any one copy of the document announced by the fair work commission proposed in the year of 2013. If these two criterions are mate, then the application has lodged to the commission (Stewart, 2008). The loading process will be fulfilled after either a person has to come to the office, via post or he or she can take an advantage of electronic media posting also. The final steps of approval from the side of the commission, the commission must be taken some points to be a consideration like, whether the pre- approval steps are done successfully or not, whether the points of the agreement are truly taken by the relevant employees, the level of the betterment should be high, need genuine employees of the organization, the agreement must be flexible in all terms and conditions. What are the Strengths and the Weaknesses of this Process? There are some points must be included in the agreements of the fair work commission like, the terms also the relationship between the employer and the employee should be clarified in more details, who will be mostly covered by the agreement should be clarified also in detailed between employees and the employer, the process and the terms and conditions of the deduction in the wages should be described more deeply in terms of an employee, the operation process of the agreement must be described more clearly (Australia, 2011). On the other side, it has a great advantage also with it, the working hours become more flexible and also become employee friendly, the definition of job profiles or the particular work of the job become more classified and clear to all employees, great scopes will be opened up in the field of career and training, work becomes more dependent on the performance basis rather depends upon different factors. The wages also increases on the based on the work performance, a greater client satisfaction then gets prior on the above all, which also improves the work delivery system, the satisfaction level of the employees and the workplace will also improve a lot after introducing this fair work commission agreement. Steps to Build a Bully Free Workplace: Management should maintain dignity and respect in the workplace is basic criteria of every employee. Management has responsibility to save employees from being bullied by others; therefore, Reasonable management action should be taken (Stewart, 2011). Fair Work provisions should be introduced so maintain balance at workplace. Training for employees so that they can understand workplace bully is not justified; undertake several obligations under WHS act and Regulations (Layton, et al, 2013). Various steps have been adopted to develop bully free work place like Workplace consultation is necessary for both employees and employers, development of campaign regarding workplace awareness, Training and development to the employees, understand issues within workplace, Process to deal with those issue, Consultation and feedback etc (James, Ombudsman, 2015). Along with that, union of the organization should develop a campaign in order to ensure several facts like there should be some easy process for the workers while making an application to FWC, the process of making application should be easy and simpler, FWC wants to deal with the matter as early as possible if they find the application of employee is legitimate and employer is unable to satisfy the need of employees, At the time of implementation of policies and training, Union workers should work closely with them and the report presented by FWC should be the last report. (Hardy, Howe, 2010) Conclusion Several evidences are entitled in the official website of Fair Work Commission. It has to carry out range of operations like providing safety net to the workers with minimum wages (Nelms, Tsingas, 2010). The Fair Work Commission has to deal fast with the applications in relation to any dispute matter and they have to understand how much action should be justified. Reference Stewart, A. (2008). Stewart's guide to employment law (Vol. 3). Sydney: Federation Press. Australia, F. W. (2011). Annual Wage Review 2010-11. Stewart, A. (2011). Fair Work Australia: The Commission Reborn? 1. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(5), 563-577. James, N., Ombudsman, F. W. (2015). Commonwealth of Australia. Layton, R., Smith, M., Stewart, A. (2013). Equal Remuneration Under the Fair Work Act 2009. Nelms, L., Tsingas, C. (2010). Literature review on social inclusion and its relationship to minimum wages and workforce participation. Fair Work Australia. Stewart, A. J., Bray, M., Macneil, J., Oxenbridge, S. (2014). 'Promoting cooperative and productive workplace relations': exploring the Fair Work Commission's new role. Acton, J. (2011). Fair Work Australia: An accessible, independent umpire for employment matters. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(5), 578-595. Smith, M. (2011). Gender equity: The Commissions legacy and the challenge for Fair Work Australia. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(5), 647-661. Forsyth, A., Stewart, A. (Eds.). (2009). Fair work: The new workplace laws and the work choices legacy. Federation Press. MacDermott, T., Riley, J. (2011). Alternative dispute resolution and individual workplace rights: The evolving role of Fair Work Australia. Journal of industrial relations, 53(5), 718-732. Waring, P., de Ruyter, A., Burgess, J. (2006). The Australian fair pay commission: Rationale, operation, antecedents and implications. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 16(2), 127-146. Guidice, J. The Evolution of an Institution: The Transition from the Australian Industrial Relations Commission to Fair Work Australia(2011). Journal of Industrial Relations, 53, 556. Bray, M., Stewart, A. (2013). From the arbitration system to the Fair Work Act: The changing approach in Australia to voice and representation at work. Adel. L. Rev., 34, 21. Hardy, T., Howe, J. (2010). Partners in enforcement? The new balance between government and trade union enforcement of employment standards in Australia.

Mummies Curse Essay Sample free essay sample

Legend has it that anyone who dared to open the grave would endure the wrath of the ma. Because mas have been associated with many charming powers throughout history. some of the mas found from Egypt were ground into a all right pulverization and sold as mystical ma pulverization. It’s believed the pulverization had charming healing powers and it wasn’t until the find of King Tut and the ballyhoo of the media that things would alter everlastingly. There are several theories behind the Mas Curse that came about during the find of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb. On the exterior of the grave the stating â€Å"Death Shall Come On Swift Wings to Him Who Disturbs the Peace of the King† was written to warn off anyone from come ining the grave. After the grave was discovered seve3ral strange and random events started taking topographic point that made everyone believe that the expletive was true. We will write a custom essay sample on Mummies Curse Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later on Peoples have come up with there ain theories about this event some say it was the ma following through with his expletive others say it was merely random incidents. and other scientists say that the deceases were due to microorganisms that killed the people. In one treatment they same that when the grave was discovered the cat who funded the excavation Lord Carnarvon died from a mosquito bite he received that had gotten infected. Apparently the same dark that he died his Canis familiaris howled and fell over dead. and after the visible radiations of Cairo cryptically went out. The media got a clasp of the narrative and merely ran with it that the expletive had come true and was killing off those who had disturbed his resting topographic point. Media besides said that Howard Carters. the adult male that discovered the grave. favored fink was killed by a bite from a cobra. The lone thing that they could non explicate is why Carter wasn’t killed during this clip. Subsequently in the same treatment it was said that Lord Carnarvon was killed by bacteriums that was released into the air when the grave was opened. Another treatment went into the scientific find of micro-organisms that were released into the air that killed non merely Lord Carnarvon but besides caused the diggers to go ill as good and dye within the following five old ages after the excavation. Basically all the things that happened after the excavation that everyone idea was the expletive was really nil more than a twine of interpretable happenstances. The scientific discipline in this theory showed that there was no expletive and it is one I agree with. I don’t believe in expletives I feel there is a ground for most things that happen the manner it was described as being spores that killed these people makes sense with all the things that were in the grave. It is said that the mas were buried with all kinds of nutrient furniture and other things they needed in order to do their trip to the hereafter. These things are after a piece are traveling to pull several types of insects and bacteriums. that and it is like what you find in older places you find mold and different bacteria’s. This goes to demo that a grave that has been puting for centuries would hold some type of bacteriums turning in it. There are a batch of people out there who are really superstitio us and believe in expletives and things like that. and there are the other sort of people who think scientifically and say that there is a sensible account for everything. I believe that even though it was a really unusual concatenation of events that can do people to acquire disquieted about the expletive being true even though there is a absolutely good account to what happened. Either manner it is a good narrative and enigmas like this brand you step back and admiration. Mentions World Wide Web. qualtestusa. com/KingTutsCurse. hypertext markup languagehypertext transfer protocol: //www. kingtutone. com/tutankhamun/curse/

The purpose of this assignment is to compare stomatal densities of the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf Essay Example

The purpose of this assignment is to compare stomatal densities of the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf Essay This assignment of stomata is also relevant to my AS biology course as stomata is a key factor in transpiration of plants, and transpiration and the transport of water is a major section of the syllabus. This assignment will therefore help me to understand why transpiration occurs and how the stomata affect it as stomatas activity is related to the rate of transpiration.It is said that in general, the greater the number of stomata per unit area, the greater the rate stomatal transpiration, however distribution and densities are also important.Stomata are pores in the epidermis layer, which is found in the mesophyll spongy layer of the leaf. They are found mainly in leaves, but also in stems.There are two main functions of stomata1. To allow gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the inside of a leaf and the surrounding atmosphere When the stomata are open, carbon dioxide diffuses into the sub-stomata air chambers and then into the intercellular spaces between mesophyl l cells. When it comes into contact with the wet surface of a cell it goes into solution and diffuses into the cytoplasm. Oxygen travels via the same route but the opposite way.2. To permit the escape of water vapour from the leaf this is the evaporation of water vapour from spaces in the mesophyll cells of the leaf otherwise known as transpiration.The diagram below shows a vertical section through a stoma.Each stoma is bordered with two semicircular guard cells whose movements due to changes in water content, control the size of the stomata by changes in their turgidity.If water is drawn into the guard cells by osmosis the cells expand and their turgidity is increased. . But they do not expand uniformly in all directions. The thick, inelastic inner wall makes them bend. The result is that the inner walls of the two guard cells draw apart from each other and the pore opens creating the stoma. Stomata and changes in turgidity can be seen very clearly under an electron microscope. (A diagram of stomata under an electron microscope is presented later on in the assignment)As noted before stomata activity affects the rate of transpiration, but now more specifically, it is the turgidity of stomata determines is the main cause of transpiration. It is thought that in normal circumstances when a stoma opens the turgidity of the guard cells is increased by their taking up water from the surrounding epidermal cells but it is also know that the turgidity of the stomata is also affected by external factors of the particular environment, such as light, wind, and humidity.During the day stomata tend to be open, this is because the guard cells of the stoma become flaccid to light. This is important as it allows gaseous change of carbon dioxide and oxygen to take place for photosynthesis of the plant. This can be investigated by means of a perometer, an instrument for measuring the resistance to the flow of air through a leaf. If you attach a perometer to a leaf and take meas urements of its resistance to airflow at intervals, you will find that there is a generally less resistance during daylight hours than at night. This is because the stomata open during the day and close at night.For wind, in still air, a highly saturated air shield builds up around the stoma. Air movement will sweep this layer away, which decreases the humidity of the stomata therefore increasing transpiration also a xeromorphic feature of some leaves is the presence of sunken stomata, the stomata grooves into the epidermis which then a high humidity can build up inside the stoma and reduce transpiration rates. An increase in temperature also has an effect as the guard cells become more flaccid thus increasing the capacity of the stoma therefore increasing transpiration rates.A main factor that affects the distribution and densities of stomata is the type of plant. There are two main types of plants, monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.Monocotyledonous (monocot) or more modern lilii dae, have leaves that have parallel veins and therefore do not grow to a large size. Also their leaves are held vertically rather than horizontally, which affect where the stomata is distributed and thus the densities, leafs of a moncotylic nature therefore have equal stomatal densities on both upper and lower epidermis.Dicotyledonous (dicot) otherwise known as magnoliidae, has branched veins and therefore can grow very large leafs. Their leaves grow horizontally and as a result most or all of the stomata are found on the lower epidermis. This is because of the cuticle found on the upper epidermis. If there was no cuticle, stomata wouldnt be necessary as gaseous exchange would be much more efficient, however, then transpiration could not be controlled. This is because a waxy cuticle reduces water loss but further control is exercised by stomata. It is estimated that about 90% of the water absorbed by the roots of the plant is lost by the leaves in transpiration.An example of a monoc ot leaf is one of a maize plant. On the table below this monocot plant is compared to a dicot leaf- an oak tree leaf.Upper epidermisLower epidermisOak leaf- dicot045000Maize leaf- monocot52006800You can clearly see that the monocot leaf has similar stomatal densities and the dicot has contrasting results.The leaf I will be studying is a dicotyledonous type so based on all of my research I predict that there will be a greater number of stomata on the lower epidermis of my leaf.The plan:The aim of this investigation is to try and count the number of stomata on both sides of the leaf and then compare the results, therefore a method has to be devised to try and view the number of stomata. Viewing a leaf under a light microscope does not allow the number of stomata to be counted, as this microscope is not powerful enough. Therefore an alternative would be to get an imprint of the leaf. This can be done by painting the upper and lower leaf with clear nail varnish and then this imprint of the stomata can be seen and counted under the light microscope.FAIR TESTTo make this experiment a fair test, I will conduct the experiment on different areas on both sides of the leaf to see if this affects the density of stomata. Also four different people will count the number of stomata, so to get an unbiased number and then to calculate an average.The stomata in the field of view will only be counted, to ensure everyone is counting the same surface area. The same magnification of x 400 (high power) will be used when viewing under the microscope.The apparatus used included:- Nail varnish- A leaf- 2 glass slides and cover slips- A light microscope- TwistersMETHOD Using the eyepiece graticule.To do this, you need to have a scale (graticule) in position in your eyepiece, so that it can be seen when you look down the microscope. The scales are usually on small circular pieces of glass or acetate.1. To insert the graticule scale in your eyepiece, remove the eyepiece lens from the mic roscope and carefully unscrew the top lens.2. If you look down into the lens body, you will see a ledge running round the sides about half way down, drop the scale into the lens body so that it rests on the ledge. Then replace the lens. N.B it doesnt matter if the scale is upside down but if it annoys you then unscrew the lens again and turn the scale over.3. When you look through the microscope, you should see the scale overlying your specimen.4. To calibrate the scale, you need to use a stage micrometer. This can be a special slide with a scale engraved on it. It usually consists of a scale 1cm long, which is divided into 100 units, each of which is 0.1mm (100 um) there is an extended line every 10th unit.To calibrate the eyepiece scale1. Place the stage micrometer on the microscope stage and hold it down with the clips.2. Using the eyepiece lens with the scale in, look through the microscope and focus it so you see both scales clearly. This is usually easier if you focus your eye on the eyepiece scale and adjust the microscope so the stage comes into focus as well.3. Move the stage micrometer carefully so that the starting units of the two scales. Note down the number of divisions along each of the two scales that this represents as these represents 1 division on the eyepiece scale.4. The equation for this is:1 division on the eyepiece scale =No. Of coincided divisions X No. of divisions on the scale micrometer scaleX 10Number of divisions on the eyepiece graticule scaleAt x100 and x400 magnification the lines on the scale will have a definite thickness. It is important to measure from one side of one scale mark to the same side of the next coinciding mark.All my procedures of stomata count were done on high power therefore 1 division on the eyepiece scale = 3.5 um.When you measure another specimen, you will already have the calibration figures so all you have to do is count how many eyepiece scale divisions your specimen covers, and multiply that by the ca libration factor for tat objective lens.Method for determining stomatal density1. Apply nail varnish onto a section of the leaf2. Allow 2 minutes for nail varnish to dry and gently peel off varnish with twisters, bringing the varnish, which has an imprint of the surface of the leaf. Nail varnish was used instead of cello tape to gather an imprint because as the varnish is liquid it can mould and fill every space around the stomata on the surface, therefore creating an accurate and clear imprint to show. Cello tape might not fill every space therefore missing out stomata, which results in an incorrect perception of the stomata densities.3. Place the peeled nail varnish onto a slide with the imprint side up, add 1 drop of water and apply cover slip on top.Then the stomata are ready to be calculated.RESULTSEyepiece graticule calibration calculations.I found that 3.5 micrometers coincided with every graticule division to give 1 division of the eyepiece graticule. To calculate one divisi on on the eyepiece scale I followed to following equation:Therefore if I followed the equation:Field or areaStomata count of 4 peopleAverage117, 17, 20, 1817 + 17 + 20 + 18 / 4= 18211, 11, 11, 1211320, 19, 19, 2020Total average stomata count18, 11, 20 / 316RESULTS OF STOMATA DENSITY COUNTS. My groups results.Lower epidermis stomata count.Field or areaStomata count of 4 peopleAverage10, 0, 0, 00 + 0 + 0 + 0 / 4= 020, 0, 0, 0030, 0, 0, 00Total average stomata count0, 0, 0, / 30Upper epidermis stomata count.Now the average stomata count of both sides of the leaf have been calculated, I can now calculate the stomata density as numbers of stomata per cm2.To do this I first needed to calculate the area of the field view in cm2.This answer will then be used in the calculation of the radii of the field of view to calculate stomata per cm2.CALCULATIONS OF STOMATAL DENSITY AS NUMBERS OF STOMATA / CMà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The formulae to calculating the area of acircle isr = 45 x 3.5r = 157.51000r = 0.15 7510= 0.01575? X (0.01575) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 0.000779310.0007793= 1283.21283.2 x =After I calculated how many stomata per cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ where in my field of view, I gathered the calculated results from the other groups constructed a table.GroupNo. Of stomata per cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on the upper epidermisNo. Of stomata per cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on the lower epidermis113537958Mine020, 5313010, 266442811, 5495021, 1736054057245815, 641807699921656561053221, 814AVERAGE49912, 769The graph below shows the comparison of the average upper and lower epidermis data for the whole 10 groups.The graphs below show my results for the comparison of stomata per cm2.The Chi squared test.This is a simple statistical test, which looks at the difference between observed and expected values as data and then relates them to a probability level. This makes it possible to identify how likely it is that the values are significantly different or similar.The formula for the chi squared test is as follows:The ? is the Gree k O is the observed valueletter Chi. E is the expected valueThe top part of the formula for ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ considers the size of the difference between the observed and expected values. This difference could be either positive or negative. To avoid the mathematical problems associated with negative values, the difference is squared.The bottom part of the formula relates the size of the difference to the magnitude of the number involved. The sigma ? sum symbol is required because there is not just one pair of observed and expected values but several (in this case 2)From background research, I found out that the expected values of percentage stomata densities for the upper and lower epidermis on a monocot leaf is:Upper 7%Lower 93%My observed values wereUpper 4% 499/ (total) 13268 x 100 = 3.8% to nearest integer 4%Lower 96% 12769/ 13268 x 100 = 96.2% = 96%UpperLowerE = 700O = 499E = 9300O = 12769O E = -201O E = 3469(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 40401(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =12033961(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 40401=E 700= 57.71(O E) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 12033961=E 9300= 1293.97? = 57.71 + 1293.97 = 1351.69?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 1351.69There is one more thing that needs to be added to the chi squared test, which is the degree of freedom.This relates a critical value to your chi squared values to show if there is a significant difference in the densities of stomata on the upper and lower epidermis or if it was just by chance.The degree of freedom is calculated = the number of categories minus oneIn this case it is 2 1 = 1.The critical value at one degree of freedom according to a standard calculated table of chi squared results is 3.84.If your chi ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ value is greater than or equal to the critical value then there is a significant difference between the observed and expected values.As you can see my chi ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ value is way above the critical value so there is a significant difference between my observed and expected values.The diagram below shows an image of stomata.From the book of where I received this image I measured the stomata to be 11 mm long. To calculate the magnification of this image youSize of image / actual size= X100DISCUSSIONThe conclusions I can gather from my results are that there is a higher percentage density of stomata on the lower epidermis and on the higher epidermis. You can see from my graphs that the lower epidermis had a density of 12769 stomata/cm2, which contained 96% of the stomata counted and the upper had a density of 499 stomata/cm2 , which contained 4% of all the stomata counted. This therefore proves my prediction correct.These results have also proved biological significance based on my research in the introduction. My results have proven that with a monocot leaf there is a higher stomata density percentage on the lower epidermis as these leaves are horizontally held and not vertically, a cuticle would have formed on the upper epidermis. This would affect the stomata density, as the main function of stomata gaseo us exchange, would be disturbed by the cuticle, so the stomata are located on the lower epidermis to prevent excessive water loss, as they have no waxy cuticle to protect them, also monocot leaves are relatively thin so the exchange of CO2 and O2 can occur relatively quickly and easily through the stomata of the lower epidermis.The sources of error in my investigation could have been:The micrometer scale took a lot of time to focus on the eye, and kept on disappearing so it was hard to take an accurate measurement of anything underneath the microscope, also the scales can be badly and easily scratched making taking accurate measurements difficult.I would perform tests on leaves of which I know the name of so I can do background research of the leaf so I can make a precise prediction of stomata densities.Different people counted the number of stomata an error could have occurred if someone did not know what stomata looked like or became subjective on if or they did not look in the s ame field of view. To try and overcome this error everyone was shown what stomata looked like before the investigation.Although magnification was kept constant someone may have adjusted it. When peeling the nail varnish, it was difficult to peel it off completely with the twisters and was a chance of mixing up slides.Another similar experiment, which could be carried out, is using cobalt thiocyanate. In the anhydrous state cobalt thiocyanate is blue, but when hydrated it turns pink. A piece of cobalt thiocyanate paper is placed on each side of a leaf and sandwiched between two glass slides clamped together, and then a stop watch is to measure the time it takes for the cobalt thiocyanate to go pink as this indicates that water has escaped out of the leaf which would be through the stomata. The time varies in which the colour change takes place depending on the temperature and humidity. Generally at room temperature the pink colour develops more rapidly on the lower epidermis of the l eaf than upper surface, the reason being there are more stomata placed on the lower epidermis.Further investigations to do with the topic are to carry out tests on a greater variation of leaves, of different shapes, sizes, thickness and leaves (maybe dicot leaves) from different habitats to see what affect this would have on the densities of stomata on a leaf.

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Leave a Message What are the most important things in your life? Nowadays, whatever you are going to tell about – your life, celebrities’ private life, politics, literature or a notice of the day – may take you not more than 140 symbols, and #twitter proves it perfectly. We can more or less easily describe ourselves in 4 words, find our 3 top best features or 2 things we hate about people and choose one dream to come true†¦ Recently different funny twitter marathons became popular like #ReplaceALetterRuinATvShow or #RuinAWeddingIn5Words. They were full of creativity and fun.  IMHO such limits teach us to think and to pick catchy words from our vocabulary to express what we want and make other people pay attention to our voices, to listen to us, to follow us and, hopefully, re-tweet us. The same with the famous #elevatorpitch: imagine you were dreaming to realize the project of your life and only one person can help you, but it is so difficult to reach him or her. Suddenly you meet this person in the elevator (finally!) and you have an opportunity to attract him or her with your fabulous idea: take a chance but you have only one minute.  It reminded one story I have read once on the Internet about one professor and his stuffed jar: Practice What You Preach â€Å"The professor walks into a classroom and sets a glass jar on the table. He puts 2-inch rocks in the jar until no more can fit. He asks the class if the jar is full and they agree it is. Then, he pulls out a pile of beans, adding them to the jar, shaking it slightly until they fill the spaces between the rocks. He asks again if the jar is full, and they agree. So next, he adds a scoop of sand to the jar, filling the space between the beans and asks the question again. Then he grabs a pitcher of water and fills the jar to the brim, saying, â€Å"If this jar is your life, what does this experiment show you?†. Then he looks out at the class and says, â€Å"The rocks represent the BIG things in your life – what you will value at the end of your life – your family, your partner, your health, fulfilling your hopes and dreams. The beans are the other things in your life that give it meaning, like your job, your house, your hobbies, your friendships. The sand and water represent the ‘small stuff’ that fills our time. Can you see what would happen if I started with the sand or the beans?†Ã‚  It is very important to remember about BIG things and find proper words to leave your message to the world.   The popularity of #socialmedia makes me think of the power of a letter, the power of each word. How careful we have to be with our expressions, sayings, posts and tweets living during the time when a word is a weapon and the Internet is an information battlefield.

Foundations of Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundations of Behavior - Essay Example F Skinner. The theory believes that behavioral development happens through classical and operant conditioning. There is a strong relation between stimuli and behavioral response. In this case development is seen as a continuous process where learnt responses keep accumulating and new ones increase with age. Several studies were conducted to reinforce the theory that responses in behavior are a result of external stimuli and that the external factors are more important as compared to internal factors. To take an example, John Watson experimented with an infant's responses to a rat and stimuli coupled with it. The infant was not afraid of the rat. However, he developed fear of the rat after a series of sharp sounds were made whenever the rat was shown. Behaviorists conclude that environment is more influential in shaping behavior. Also, behaviors can be modified using external stimuli. In context of psychodynamic theories, famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and his theory of psychoanalysis come to mind. Psychodynamics refers to theories of Freud, his followers' or theories based on his ideas. Anna Freud, Alfred Adler Carl Jung and Erik Erickson are some of the most popular contributors from the field of psychodynamics. The theories are have been derived from sessions with patients, case studies and use of projective techniques to understand the workings of human mind. Psychodynamics strives to make connections between thoughts, motives, subconscious mind and how people perceive the world. The prime focus in psychodynamics is the interrelation between emotional states of id, ego, and superego and their impact on early developments and processes. Psychodynamics also believes that early experiences are conserved in the unconscious mind. Later in life, these conserved experiences, thoughts and emotions either remain buried in the unconscious or find way to the conscio us mind. These buried experiences are at times the cause of mental disturbances. Various psychodynamic theorists have devised their own stages of development from infancy through adulthood. However, the underlining concept is that at each stage, an individual is confronted with conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way to resolve these conflicts differs at each stage. Individuals constantly strive to strike a balance between personal needs and social expectations. In contrast to behaviorism school of thought, psychodynamic theory focuses on drives and forces working consciously or unconsciously within a human mind. While behaviorist theory lays stress on continuous development, psychodynamic theory believes that development happens in stages. In psychodynamics, nature and nurture both play an important role in development because the inner impulses are channeled through environmental experiences. The cognitive theory looks at humans as active participants in building knowledge. The most influential theory was propounded by Jean Piaget. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children acquire 'schemes', which are the building blocks of knowledge. According to this theory, there are four stages in